Business Analysis and Evaluation

Question: Contextual investigation on Billabong International Ltds. Answer: 1.0 Introduction Billabong International Ltds (BBL) is a recorded organization situated in Australia. Its primary exercises identifying with business is to circulate, market, retail and discount eye wears, wetsuits and attire.. It is working together in excess of 100 nations and has in excess of 11000 stores everywhere throughout the world. It has just about 6000 workers (Whelan, Woodhead and Cliff 2014). Significant brands of Billabong are Von Zipper, Kustom, Sector 9, and Xcel. It was established in the year 1973 in the gold shoreline of Australia. At starting, it used to sell items locally, during the 80s it went into world market and in 90s; it developed at an unprecedented rate. In this task, security advertise examination, credit investigation and misery examination will be made to comprehend the current and future possibilities of Billabong. 2.0 Discussion In this area, a point by point investigation of Securities and credit parts of Billabong International Ltd will be broke down. Pain forecast will be done dependent on fiscal summary investigation and proportion got from it, in light of which proposal will be given. 2.1 Security Analysis In this area, examination of Billabong International Ltds tradable protections will be done and their fairly estimated worth will be resolved, which will inspect the hazard and return of individual and gathering protections. 2.1.1 Market Efficiency: The market proficiency of Billabong can be resolved from the examination of its protections. Billabong capital structure comprises of just customary offers and there is no obligation. The obligations appeared in a critical position sheet comprises of bank overdraft, momentary borrowings (Damodaran 2016). Obligation value proportion of Billabong is at present 0.92 which implies its value is more than obligation and it is a decent sign for the organization. There is no requirement for the organization to present more assets as Debt or value without giving convertible debentures since it has adequate limit. 2.1.2 Fund the board and Security examination: The methodology towards Fund the executives changes structure organization to organization. In the year, 2000 billabong share was first recorded in the Security Exchange of Australia when it made its Initial Public Offerings (IPO). It gave 2.6 million offers in the market. Venture can be overseen effectively or latently. Examination of dynamic portfolio relies vigorously upon the security investigation to figure whether the portions of the organization are mispriced or not (Klti, Kotronis and Smith 2013). While if there should arise an occurrence of uninvolved investigation, the portfolio director maintains a strategic distance from the expense of security examination and store the board depends available file and execution of the division. 2.1.3 Process of Comprehensive Security Analysis: This procedure includes the accompanying advances (I) Selection of possibility for investigation: It is clearly unrealistic to break down all the protections so a small amount of protections is taken on which center is given. Reserve are by and large put resources into stocks which convey a specific pace of return went with hazard. Another methodology of choosing stock is to take barely any organizations in the business whose offers are mispriced and meet certain measures. Different inquiry that are tended to in this area are hazard profile of the organization and instability of the stock. (ii) Market desire: While conduction security examination to distinguish whether the protections are mispriced or not, the market desire alongside the experts desire is to be considered. It is conceivable to watch the cost of the stock as for appearance in the market examination and contrast and the desire for the investigator. In any case, share value gives just a factual rundown. To comprehend the future execution of the organization a point by point investigation its income, working expense and acquiring is required to be done (Klti et al. 2013). (iii) Analyst Expectation: It depends on the investigation of different information and data accessible from the yearly report of the organization. Expert can utilize technique like Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), Beta investigation and Dividend Pricing Model (DDM) determine the stock cost of the organization (Barberis et al. 2015). The Earning Per Share (EPS) of Billabong is to be evaluated to foresee the future result of the organization. 2.1.4 Final Product of security Analysis: In this segment, guidance is given on whether the portion of the organization is exchanging rich or modest the market. In view of that whether to buy or sell the offers is resolved. In making a suggestion, the time skyline of venture is to be considered whether it is a long haul or transient speculation, which depends on estimate and summing up the report (Michaelides et al. 2013). 2.2 Credit Analysis In this segment, the reimbursement limit of Billabong is evaluated dependent on the budgetary remaining of the organization and the capacity of the organization to reimburse its present moment and long haul obligation is surveyed. 2.2.1 Potential borrowers monetary status: Monetary status of the borrower to reimburse its obligations can be resolved on the investigation of liquidity proportion of the organization, which contains current proportion and brisk proportion. Current proportion of Billabong is 2.19 for the year 2015, which demonstrates that is capacity to reimburse its obligation is excellent (Spronk, Steuer and Zopounidis 2016). Current proportion of 2 is commonly adequate for an organization and a base proportion of 1:1 is required. It is falls beneath 1 then it is a risk circumstance for the organization. Consequently, it tends to be said that Billabong is in an excellent situation to reimburse its a wide range of obligation. 2.2.2 Purpose of credit: Organization takes credit for different purposes like running everyday exercises, expanding its capital base, setting up new pursuits and extending existing limit. Credit is taken dependent on its present moment or long haul needs. As of now Billabong is attempting to be in the market thusly, it has acknowledged to obligation of $360 million from a private value. In view of this buyout, 34% of the controlling force has gone in the possession of firms who have given the store. To come out of this money related emergency it has acknowledged that subsidizing in any case its piece of the pie would have been in stake. 2.2.3 Nature of credit: The above subsidizing is as the drawn out which is required as Billabong is rebuilding its activity procedure and capital structure to make due in this serious market and to give a solid budgetary base to the organization (Bluhm, Overbeck and Wagner 2016). On the declaration of this arrangement, the offer cost of Billabong has fallen by 42.8%. It was in pressing need of the credit has it announced lost $ 360 million. This arrangement was a lifeline for Billabong. 2.2.4 Term and Ability to reimburse: The term of the obligation is 6 years which conveys a fixed pace of enthusiasm of 11.9% per annum of which 5.9% is payable in real money and 6.0% is payable in kind at the choice of the organization. There is an office of prepayment premium if the credit is reimbursed early. From the investigation of current proportion (2.19) and snappy proportion (1.35), it very well may be said that Billabong can reimburse its obligations. Snappy proportion gives a much extensive thought of the liquidity position of the organization (Baghai, Servaes and Tamayo 2014). It avoids those things, which may set aside effort to change over into money, and incorporates those things, which can be effectively changed over into money. 2.2.5 Security: In this drawn out financing, Billabong needs to give 29.6 million alternatives to the consortium, which can be practiced at a cost of $ 0.50 per share. Moreover, Billabong has resolved to give a multi cash that is resource based turning a credit office of US $ 140 million. 2.2.6 Loan Covenants: Pledges appended to this drawn out financing is that C/O Consortium will have the option to select delegate in the top managerial staff of Billabong (Spronk et al. 2016). It implies the funders will have a controlling force on the administration of the organization. Billabong has acknowledged the proposition as the historical backdrop of the discoverers state that they have great record in the retail and other market (Golin and Delhaise 2013). 2.3 Distress Prediction In this area, examination will be made dependent on information and proportions accessible from the fiscal report of Billabong. 2.3.1 Financial Statement Analysis and Listed Debt: Given underneath is the fiscal report and different proportion investigation of Billabong- Billabong (Table-1) Salary STATEMENT 2013 2014 2015 Income 1341 1121 1052 Less: Cost of merchandise sold 651 556 495 Net benefit 690 565 557 Less: working Expenses 1511 633 557 Working Profit - 821 - 68 0 Include: Other Income 21 - 9 28 Less: Different Expenses 0 0 0 Winning before intrigue and charges - 800 - 77 28 Less: Intrigue 27 82 34 Procuring before charges - 827 - 159 - 6 Less: Arrangement for charge 33 75 - 12 Procuring after duty/Net benefit - 860 - 234 6 weighted normal number of offers 2931 2905 2884 Monetary record 2013 2014 2015 Resource Current resource 899 622 496 Receivable 245 204 154 Other Current Asset 654 418 342 Non Current Asset 1181 390 256 All out Asset (a) 2080 1012 752 Liabilty and investors support Current obligation 611 612 226 Non Current Liability 440 128 256 Long haul Debt 242 0 208 Other Non Current Liability 198

Consumer Behaviour Towards Fmcg Free Essays

Purchaser conduct towards the new bundling of FMCG items. The significance of bundling structure as a vehicle for correspondence and marking is developing in serious markets for bundled FMCG items. This examination used a center gathering technique to comprehend purchaser conduct toward such items. We will compose a custom article test on Customer Behavior Towards Fmcg or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now The test for specialists is to coordinate bundling into a powerful buying choice model, by comprehension Consumer’s conduct towards the bundling of FMCG products.When buyers look for and process data coming up, the product’s bundle can contain pertinent and valuable data for the customer. Item bundling structures the finish of the ‘promotion-chain’ and is close so as to the real buy and may subsequently assume a significant job in foreseeing buyer results. Bundles likewise convey brand ID and name data like utilization guidelines, substance, rundown of fixings or crude materials, alerts for use and orders for care of product.Introduction â€Å"Packaging is the container for a product â€Â encompassing the physical appearance of the  containerâ andâ includingâ theâ design,â color,â shape,â labelingâ andâ materialsâ used† Packaging has a tremendous task to carry out in the situating of items. Bundle configuration shapes purchaser discernments and can be the deciding component in purpose of-procurement choices which describe most of shopping events lately the showcasing condition has gotten progressively unpredictable and competitive.A product’s bundling is something which all purchasers experience and which can possibly connect with most of the objective market. This makes it an amazingly ground-breaking and one of a kind device in the advanced showcasing condition. Notwithstanding it s advantages as far as come to, a few advertisers accept that bundling is in reality more compelling than promoting in affecting shoppers, as it has a more straightforward effect on how they see and experience the item. Inâ mostâ cases,â theâ experienceâ hasâ beenâ thatâ packâ designsâ areâ moreâ likelyâ toâ influenceâ the  consumerâ perceptionâ ofâ theâ brand. † Forâ productsâ withâ lowâ advertisingâ support,â packagingâ takesâ onâ anâ evenâ moreâ significantâ roleâ asâ theâ keyâ vehicleâ forâ communicatingâ theâ brandâ positioning Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG), otherwise called Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG), are items that are sold rapidly at moderately ease. Despite the fact that the supreme benefit made on FMCG items is moderately little, they for the most part sell in huge amounts, so the aggregate benefit on such items can be large.Examples of FMCG for the most part incorporate a wide scope of every now and again bought customer items, for example, toiletries, cleanser, beauty care products, teeth cleaning items, shaving items and cleansers, just as other non-durables, for example, crystal, lights, batteries, paper items and plastic merchandise. FMCG may likewise incorporate pharmaceuticals, shopper bundled food items and beverages. Probably the most popular instances of Fast Moving Consumer Goods orga nizations include: General Mills, H. J. Heinz, Reckitt Benckiser, Sara Lee, Nestle, Unilever, Procter ; Gamble, Coca-Cola, Carlsberg, Kleenex, Kraft, Pepsi, Wilkinson and Mars. In contrast to other economy parts, FMCG share skim in a consistent way regardless of worldwide market plunge, since they by and large fulfill rather central †instead of lavish †needs. Method of reasoning of the Study Package configuration shapes buyer observations and can be the deciding component in pointof-buy choices that’s why named as a Silent Salesman. hile study the buyers conduct with respect to bundling there are different properties like Convenience, Brand name , Esthetic segments , Information it passes (on the most proficient method to deal with, use etc†¦) Packaging impact purchaser to purchase a specific FMCG brand in our investigation we have taken healthy skin , oral consideration , antiperspirants, hair care, beauty care products that is all home ; individual consideration item we are taken the buyers discernm ent towards the bundling in protected item and whether the bundling impact client to change from one brand to other brandResearch Methodology Research configuration determines the strategies and techniques for assortment of essential data and its estimations and examination to come to certain significant end result toward the finish of the proposed examination. We directed this examination with the assistance of Questionnaire and from the underlying stages, to the last structuring of survey; we led our examination through Exploratory examination just as Descriptive exploration Objectives of the Study ? Significant trait in our exploration Convenience, Brand Name, Esthetic, Information. To discover these Attributes influence Consumer Behavior Significantly. ? Is there any critical contrast between the Variables as there is change in Products. ? To discover the Consumer Attitude towards the new Packaging of Preserved Products. ? Is Packaging Influence Consumer to change starting with one then onto the next Brand. Exploration Design Universe of the examination: Whole populace of Ghaziabad city who visit mother pop stores retail outlets like Big Bazaar, Subhiksha, more†¦ Sampling Design: Sample Size : Sample size of 50 CustomersSampling Technique : As no inspecting edge of the populace was accessible, examples for the investigation were picked by utilizing arbitrary testing because of its time and cost possibility. Interfaced with the clients at arbitrary on balanced association to pick up the data. Information Collection : An organized survey with rating scale is utilized to gather essential information. Factual Tools Used : Z †test is utilized as a test to confirm the various destinations Tabulation and Data AnalysisTesting of Hypothesis Objective1: There doesn't exist critical distinction between various qualiti es of bundling concerning Consumer Behavior Level of criticalness 0. 05 I. e. - 1. 96 to +1. 96 Using Z-Test as Sample Size is Large Z-Test for Proportions: p1 †p2 z= p1q1 + p2q2 n1 Rating †High 1-2 Low 3-4 ATTRIBUTES Convenience Brand Name Esthetic Information LOW 34 13 28 23 HIGH 16 37 22 27 %LOW 68% 26% 56% 46% %HIGH 32% 74% 44% 54% n2H01: There doesn't exist critical contrast between helpful bundling of item as to customer conduct H02 : There doesn't exist huge distinction between brand name on bundling of item as to purchaser conduct H03: There doesn't exist huge contrast between stylish segments of bundling of items concerning shopper conduct H04 : There doesn't exist noteworthy contrast between data it passes on bundling of items with respect to buyer conduct . 68 â€. 32 z= 68*. 32+. 32*. 68 34 16 = 4Similarly, similar to this for each situation we dismiss or not dismiss speculation Reject the invalid theory as Zcal ;gt; Ztab. Not Reject the invalid theory as Zcal ;lt; Ztab. Characteristics Convenience Brand name Esthetic segments Information it passes on Interpretation : Z †test esteem 4 5. 47 1. 212 - 0. 80 Significant worth (0. 05) 1. 96 1. 96 1. 96 †1. 96 Null hypothesis(H0) Rejected Not Rejected Not Rejected Since the determined Z ;gt; organized Z if there should arise an occurrence of accommodation and brand name this shows these properties influences buyer conduct while other two cases stylish and data doesn't influence as altogether as the above two.CONSUMER PRIORITY TOWARDS PACKAGING CONSUMER PRIORITY TOWARD PACKGING 12, 24% 16, 32% PROTECTIVE PACKGING ECO-FRIENDLY PACKGING CONVIENCE PACKGING 8, 16% ALL ABOVE 14, 28% Packaging impact purchaser to purchase a specific brand 67% customers are affected by bundling while 33% are not impact by bundling while at the same time settling on the buy choice. No 33% 16 yes no yes 67% 34 Packaging in saved items In saved items bundling assumes an imperative job. 44% purchaser inclines toward Long enduring fresher sort bundling of protected products.Factors Keep item clean ; immaculate Keep item in great condition Provide data with respect to fixings Preserve nourishment for long/enduring fresher. Recurrence 10 7 17 22 % rate 20% 14% 22% 44% 20% Clean ; immaculate Good Condition Information Of Ingredients 14% 22% Long Lasting Fresher Packaging impact to switch the brand Only 26% customers change from their image as bundling changes where as 74% are not . Indeed 26% 13 YES NO 74% 37 Findings ? 67% Consumers are impact by Packaging and 33% are not Influenced ?According to need 24% incline toward Protective Packaging, 16% Eco-accommodating Packaging, 28% Convenience Packaging ; 32% concur for all ? Brand name is profoundly appraised with 74% and comfort is evaluated most reduced with 68% in bundling of FMCG items. ? In safeguarded items enduring bundling is generally significant. ? In tasteful parts: a) Material use is most favored b) Shape, siz e ;shading are less favored c) Text ; illustrations are least favored ? Just 26%of customers are affected by bundling while at the same time changing starting with one brand then onto the next Brand. Suggestions Preserved food packs resembles that can be cooked in or kept at home as a re-sealable compartment. ? More accentuation on Visual bundle components . ? Create inventive bundles. ? Tasteful parts ought to be alleviating for the eyes. ? Mark data precisely as shoppers might want it, if simplified.Conclusion The exploration work has been effectively finished and it has helped us to comprehend the outlook of the buyers with respect to the bundling of item and the manners by which bundling ought to follow to consistently hold and gained the clients Bibliography Packaging:- Pluspack report, Nielsen research www. bbc research. om, Ni

The mans effect on environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The keeps an eye on impact on condition - Essay Example The man’s impact on condition This would reestablish the characteristic environment of salmon, estuary and sea shores in light of the fact that the supplement rich residue will stream downstream. It will forestall disintegration and furthermore would improve the common eco †framework. On account of water stream in Florida and the individuals can be influenced by such ventures. In any case, individuals need to outweigh everything else for condition rebuilding in light of the fact that a capable and shrewd we have the commitment to ensure and protect nature. In the event that at all any devastation is caused to nature in spite of the operator causing it we have the obligation to make a move to ensure nature. My evaluated ozone depleting substance discharges are 15â tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) counterparts every year, which is underneath the U.S. national normal. So as to restrain our effect on condition we should utilize vitality just for need premise. The lighting in the house should be proficient. The eating routine ought to contain less of meat items. It is basic to utilize less of vehicles for development and the reuse items however much as could reasonably be expected. I have to utilize increasingly natural food and should fall back on vegetables and organic products. I have to change to sun powered boards for fuel needs. One of the intrusive animal categories which is undermining is zebra mussels. It is an issue both in Unites States and Europe. Zebra mussel is a little new water mussel and was local to Southern. Russia. This species was acquainted with numerous districts in West in obscure occurrences. They are little in size and as they disturb the biological system they are labeled as an Invasive species.

Relationship is an exploratory journey Essay Example for Free

Relationship is an exploratory excursion Essay Janie grew up to end up through every one of her connections. Her quelled way of life with her grandma, her stifled and rather agonizing presence with her first spouse Logan, her frustration after her underlying charm with her second husband Jody, and her terrible killing of the husband she so cherished, Tea Cake, all assistance her to see the truth about her and before the finish of the novel, she finds a sense of contentment with herself. This internal harmony comes to fruition by a few exciting bends in the road. She perceives the different parts of her own character through her collaborations in every one of her connections. She starts to comprehend that she may be in excess of a little youngster whose obligation must be moved from the ladylike consideration of her grandma to wedding bond to an unsympathetic spouse during her first marriage. She understands that she is in excess of a captivated lady who needs be in excess of a socially adequate ally to an aggressive and merciless man during her subsequent marriage. In her last conjugal relationship she starts to comprehend and value her own should be vivacious, exuberant and have great occasions with great organization without the should be conciliatory or the should be uninformed of her partner’s weaknesses. In the demise of her last spouse Tea Cake at her own hand, she understands that Life doesn't offer any direct answers for the issues of connections. In addition, she additionally comprehends that as an individual she esteems her own individual endurance is fundamental for her quest for joy. Her certainty at having suffered life’s preliminaries and tests and having coming out not sound but rather with her independence unblemished is confused with lack of approachability by her townsfolk. At long last, her disclosures to her old companion Pheoby about her life at last give her a feeling of satisfaction. Janie experiences childhood in life through her connections and that is the reason she has the certainty to disclose to her companion that â€Å"Ah been an agent to de big’ssociation of life. Yessuh! De Grand Lodge, de enormous show of livin’ is exactly where Ah been†(10) Janie began in her adolescence with a visually impaired certainty that she was qualified for everything like every other person. She didn't understand she was shaded till she saw herself in a photo and couldn't perceive herself. At the point when, the remainder of the youngsters and the individuals of the house brought up her in the photo, she shouted â€Å"Aw, aw! Ah’m hued! †(p. 13) She was instructed by her caretaker before she was hitched to Logan Killicks that â€Å"De nigger lady is de donkey uh de world so hide as Ah can see. †(p. 20) Her totally oppressed relationship with Logan who was far more seasoned than her caused her to understand that maybe she needed increasingly out of life. She needed to feel a needing in her heart and her body for a man, a genuine partner. That is the thing that drove her into the arms of Jody, an aggressive, would-be lawmaker. He was captivating and had a way that befitted his yet-to-obtain status. What she didn't understand was Jody needed her to play out a specific job in his life. There was unpleasant in Jody since he generally took a gander at life as a crucial be practiced. She needed to reveal to Jody that he was unpleasant to be with â€Å"Everybody can’t be lak you, Jody. Someone is bound tuh need tuh chuckle and play†(p. 76) She was so outraged by Jodie’s denying her entitlement to act naturally, which she started to acknowledge gradually with developing years and experience, she didn't want to be affable to a perishing man. Indeed Jodie’s passing filled her with a good feeling. Her acknowledgment that any relationship can arrive at the finish of its utility and can fill an individual with an unmentionable requirement for it to end accompanied Jodie’s demise. After this developing separating from Jody and his loftiness, which forestalled Janie from carrying on with the life as a tribute to all chance of satisfaction, Tea Cake entered. â€Å"Janie looked down on him and felt a self-squashing love. So her spirit slithered out from its stowing away place† (p. 122) Despite the fact that Tea Cake parted with her a concise panic by running from her with her cash, he came back to admit and start their new life. His vivaciousness and his affection forever was something that Janie had consistently needed. For her the sweet agony and the sweeping affection she encountered under a pear tree were acknowledged in her years with Tea Cake. In any case, as every single beneficial thing it likewise needed to reach a conclusion. The fearsome tropical storm that they fled, the raging canine that bit Tea Cake and its evil impacts on his character and character were all disclosures of the vulnerabilities of life. Janie needed to slaughter Tea Cake in self preservation and was cleared in a preliminary comprising of all-male, all-white jury †one more assertion that Life had its bizarre methods of showing its unlimited prospects. Presently, ladies overlook each one of those things they dont need to recall, and recollect all that they dont need to overlook. The fantasy is reality. At that point they act and do things in like manner. †(3) The last spot she returns to is her old neighborhood Eatonville. There, the demonstration of sharing her life’s story with her companion fills her with a feeling of fulfillment. Her relationship with her companion when she connects negligibly with the townsfolk, permitting them to envision a wide range of negative things about her, is a last disclosure. The portrayal of the story was a need to herself as it was for Pheoby to know the realities. Her development as a lady and a person through her four significant connections in life is allowed to be surrounded in context by her relationship with her companion â€somebody with whom she shares no weight of desire Works refered to Hurston, Zora Neale and Jerry Pinkney Their eyes were watching God. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1991

Essay on Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie -- Glass Menagerie essays

Imagery in The Glass Menagerie Imagery has a vital influence in Williams’s play, The Glass Menagerie. Instances of the utilization of imagery incorporate the emergency exit, as a getaway from the family, the phonograph, as a departure from the real world, the unicorn, as an image for Laura's uniqueness and the father’s photo, speaking to something other than what's expected to each character. Through regonition of these images, a more prominent comprehension of the play’s topic is accomplished. All through the play, Tom Wingfield was torn by an obligation he felt for his mom and sister and the should be his own man. He utilized the emergency exit most in the play. He went outside to remain on it when he smoked, to get away from the bothering from his mom, and to make his last autonomy from his family. Tom didn't care for being liable for his mom and sister, working throughout each and every day at a vocation he abhorred. He needed to escape down those steps and never return. In scene V Tom addresses the crowd about what he sees from the emergency exit, Paradise Dance Hall. The ballroom to him was what he needed, everybody was living energizing lives hot swing music and alcohol, ballrooms, bars and films, and sex that hung in the gloom... Tom yearned to carry on with an all the more energizing life. In the last scene Tom says I dropped the means of this emergency exit for a last time and followed, from that point on, in my dad's strides, endeavoring to discover moving what was lost in space. Tom needed to be free and to him the emergency exit was the exit into opportunity. Motion pictures were likewise a significant piece of Tom's life. He went out to see the films when he and his mom contended or when he believed he required some energy. In scene IV Amanda asks For what reason do you go out to see the films so a lot, Tom? and... ...nger; outrage that he's surrender them and is doing what he needs. The images utilized in the play are a ways to get out. For Tom it's the films and the emergency exit, for Laura it's the Victrola and her glass and for the dad, it's his image. He's gotten away from the duty of raising and paying for their family. Works Cited and Consulted Beattie, Elisabeth L. The Glass Menagerie. Masterplots, ed. Straightforward M. Magill. Modified Second Ed. Vol. 5. Pasadena: Salem Press, 1996. Bigsby, C. W. E. Entering the Glass Menagerie. The Cambridge Companion to Tennessee Williams, ed. Matthew C. Roudane. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Williams, Tennessee. Discussions with Tennessee Williams, ed. Albert Devlin. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1986. Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. New York: New Directions Publishing, 1995. Paper on Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie - Glass Menagerie papers Imagery in The Glass Menagerie Imagery has a basic impact in Williams’s play, The Glass Menagerie. Instances of the utilization of imagery incorporate the emergency exit, as a break from the family, the phonograph, as a departure from the real world, the unicorn, as an image for Laura's uniqueness and the father’s photo, speaking to something else to each character. Through regonition of these images, a more prominent comprehension of the play’s subject is accomplished. All through the play, Tom Wingfield was torn by a duty he felt for his mom and sister and the should be his own man. He utilized the emergency exit most in the play. He went outside to remain on it when he smoked, to get away from the bothering from his mom, and to make his last freedom from his family. Tom didn't care for being liable for his mom and sister, working throughout each and every day at an occupation he despised. He needed to escape down those steps and never return. In scene V Tom addresses the crowd about what he sees from the emergency exit, Paradise Dance Hall. The ballroom to him was what he needed, everybody was living energizing lives hot swing music and alcohol, ballrooms, bars and films, and sex that hung in the gloom... Tom ached to carry on with an additionally energizing life. In the last scene Tom says I plunged the means of this emergency exit for a last time and followed, from that point on, in my dad's strides, endeavoring to discover moving what was lost in space. Tom needed to be free and to him the emergency exit was the exit into opportunity. Films were additionally a significant piece of Tom's life. He went out to see the films when he and his mom contended or when he believed he required some energy. In scene IV Amanda asks For what reason do you go out to see the films so a lot, Tom? and... ...nger; outrage that he's forsake them and is doing what he needs. The images utilized in the play are a ways to get out. For Tom it's the films and the emergency exit, for Laura it's the Victrola and her glass and for the dad, it's his image. He's gotten away from the duty of raising and paying for their family. Works Cited and Consulted Beattie, Elisabeth L. The Glass Menagerie. Masterplots, ed. Candid M. Magill. Updated Second Ed. Vol. 5. Pasadena: Salem Press, 1996. Bigsby, C. W. E. Entering the Glass Menagerie. The Cambridge Companion to Tennessee Williams, ed. Matthew C. Roudane. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Williams, Tennessee. Discussions with Tennessee Williams, ed. Albert Devlin. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1986. Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. New York: New Directions Publishing, 1995.

How Can Disputation Help Manage Social Anxiety

How Can Disputation Help Manage Social Anxiety Social Anxiety Disorder Treatment and Therapy Print How Can Disputation Help Manage Social Anxiety? Disputation Is Part of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on February 18, 2020 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Tom M Johnson / Blend Images / Getty Images Disputation is a technique used in rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) within cognitive restructuring to treat social anxiety and other mental illnesses. The basic process involves questioning thoughts and beliefs that maintain your anxiety and make it hard for you to move forward. What Are REBT and Disputation? REBT is a form of psychotherapy focused on changing emotional and behavioral problems to empower you to live a fuller life. Developed in the 1950s by psychologist Albert Ellis, REBT is based on the belief that we arent destabilized by circumstances, but instead by how we process information  and construct our views. Through REBT, you will better understand your motivations and how you create irrational  or self-defeating thoughts. It is an educational process in which your therapist will work with you to identify these thoughts and practice how to question them and replace them with more productive and rational ideas. Disputation is the process through which you question your irrational thoughts and take a step back to dispute them. In order for you to change your behaviors and lessen your social anxiety, you need to identify the irrational constructs in your thoughts and then actively work to correct them yourself. This is a strategy that can help you continually combat your anxiety. How REBT Works How Does Your Therapist Help? Unlike other forms of therapy, your healthcare provider will likely be very involved in your treatment, actively working with you to identify key issues and correct irrational behaviors. A good therapist is empathetic, persistent, and helps you lead a productive life. Other forms of therapy identify why irrational behavior and anxiety exist, but the cause is not necessarily explored in REBT and disputation. Instead, you work to correct the behaviors and move forward without recognizing the root cause.   REBT and Disputation Are Hard Work REBT and disputation are not easy. The process requires a great deal of dedication and effort on your part (and your therapists).  However, the results can be long-lasting. Outside of your therapy sessions, your therapist will likely assign you homework assignments to work on through your daily routine. These assignments can be as simple as a reflection or as difficult as confronting something you fear head-on, like forcing yourself to attend a party or event that would normally trigger your social anxiety. Through this, you will actively work against your fears. The Two Forms of Disputation In cognitive disputation, your therapist will ask you questions challenging the logic of your responses. This can be an emotional experience and unsettling. It can cause you to reinterpret long-held beliefs and perceptions.In imaginal disputation, your therapist will encourage you to use imagery to examine different aspects of situations that upset you. By imagining different angles in a given situation, you can change how you reflect on a situation and adjust your responses accordingly. A Word From ?Verywell Through disputation, you become empowered to manage your anxiety by managing future adversity. It a lifelong technique to promote your ability to handle your fears moving forward.  Though it is hard work, the effort that you put in now will allow you to reap benefits for years to come. If you feel as though you are living with social anxiety, ask your doctor whether therapy such as REBT might be an option. What Happens in a REBT Session?

Research Premack Principle formulated by David Premack - 1100 Words

Research Premack Principle formulated by David Premack (Other (Not Listed) Sample) Content: Part AThe Premack's PrincipleThe Premack Principle was formulated by David Premack. It is a type of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is a school of thought that presumes that behavior can be learned through its consequences (Domjan, 2010 ). In other words, people behave in a particular way to get what they want or to avoid what they don't want. In the everyday life, this equates to the concepts of rewards and punishments.According to Bouton (2007), the Premack Principle states that a commonly occurring action, one that is more desirable to the actor, can be used as a reinforcer for a less commonly occurring one, i.e., one that is less desirable to the actor. Some responses are more probable than others depending on their desirability to the actor, and the more desirable an action is, the more common it will be. In other words, if a person desires to perform a given activity, he or she will do a less desirable activity so as to get at the more desirable activ ity. This means that the desirable actions may themselves be reinforcers for the less desirable behaviors.The Premack Principle further expounds that people are more motivated to perform a particular task if as a consequence, they will be in a position to partake of a more desirable activity. More desirable activities are those that individuals freely engage in, enjoy doing, and spend more time on. The less desirable ones are those that individuals do not enjoy doing, and they spend less time in them. When using the highly desirable behaviors to reinforce the less desirable behaviors, a reinforcement hierarchy may be used to determine the desirability and relative frequency of different actions (Domjan, 2010). This could be a list of actions, starting with the most common and desirable, and ending with the least common and undesirable.Premack's principle can be used in a wide range of circumstances to predict reinforcement of one behavior, and punishment for another behavior. For example, Geiger (1996) explains that the principle can use by primary school teachers to encourage pupils to do their exercises, which is a commonly less desirable activity, before they go out to play in the field- a commonly more desired behavior. In this case, playing in the field is an activity that typically does not require any reinforcement. It can be used as a reinforcer for doing the exercises, which the pupils would not usually do without being reinforced. In this example, playing out in the field would be close to the top of the reinforcement hierarchy whereas doing exercises would be closer to the bottom.At home, parents can use Premack's principle to encourage good eating habits among their children. It is a common knowledge that most children do not like taking the vegetable, which is an essential part of a balanced diet. Instead, they like taking unhealthy foods and junks such as candy. A mother can, therefore, reinforce the uptake of vegetable (the less desirable beha vior in this case), use candy (the more desirable behavior). She can tell the children they will only eat candy if they finish the vegetable serving on their plates.In conclusion, Premark's principle is context-dependent and flexible because the strength of the more desirable behavior determines its ability to reinforce the less desirable behavior. As stated by Bouton (2007), the theory eliminates the requirement of choosing between a great reward and a terrible punishment to bring out the desired behavior in people. All that the people have is the choice between a lesser and a greater reward.ReferencesBouton, M. E. (2007). Learning and behavior: A contemporary synthesis. Sinauer AssociatesDomjan, M (2010). The principles of learning and behavior Belmont, CA: WadsworthGeiger, B. (1996). A Time to Learn, A Time to Play: Premack's Principle Applied in the Classroom. American Secondary EducationPart BParticipant ModellingParticipant modeling is a form of behavioral therapy. Behavioral therapies assume that maladaptive behavior is learned from the environment, and therefore it can be unlearnt (Dobson 2009). Participant modeling as a form of learning involves two participants; the model or trainer, and the learner or observer. The role model actively displays the desired behavior so that the observer or the learner may observe, learn and imitate that behavior. According to Bandura (1976), role models convey the proper behaviors by demonstrating the sequence of the appropriate actions that result in the desired behavior. By observing the role model, the learner is cued to learn, reciprocate and imitate the desired skills.Participant modeling is applied to enable the learner inhibit the inappropriate behavior and exhibit the appropriate ones. For it to result in the desired behavior change, it must be structured step by step and incorporate feedback. It should also be clear and consistent (Bandura 1976). According to Ladd Mize, (1983), participant modeling can effe ctively be used to eliminate anxiety, compulsive-obsessive and phobic disorders among other undesirable behaviors.Participant modeling, for example, can be used to eliminate bad eating habits in children. Most children's diets consist of junk and other unhealthy foods. The children have learned these bad eating habits from their parents and the society at large. Parents can take it upon themselves to be the role models for proper eating habits to their children. If they consistently take balanced diets in the presence of their children, the children are bound to take their cues and adopt the right eating habits as wellGraduated ModellingGraduated modeling is also known as systematic desensitization. It is a type of behavioral therapy that is mostly used to help clients cope with ph...

Definition of Bleeding Kansas

Bleeding Kansas was a term coined to describe violent conflicts in the US territory of Kansas from 1854 to 1858. The violence was provoked when the residents of Kansas had to decide for themselves whether to become a slave state or a free state.The unrest in Kansas amounted to a civil conflict on a small scale, and was something of a premonition of the full-scale war Civil War that was split the nation less than a decade later. The outbreak of hostilities in Kansas was essentially a proxy war, with pro-slavery and anti-slavery sympathizers in the North and South sending manpower as well as weapons. As events unfolded, elections were decided by outsiders flooding into the territory, and two different territorial legislatures were established. The violence in Kansas became a subject of fascination, with reports often being carred in the newspapers of the day. It was the influential New York City editor, Horace Greeley, who was crediting with coining the term Bleeding Kansas. Some of the violence in Kansas was perpetrated by John Brown, a fanatical abolitionist who traveled, with his sons, to Kansas so they might slaughter pro-slavery settlers. Background of the Violence The atmosphere in the United States in the 1850s was tense, as the crisis over slavery became the most prominent issue of the day. The acquisition of new territories following the Mexican War led to the Compromise of 1850, which seemed to settle the question of which parts of the country would allow slavery. In 1853, when Congress turned its attention to the Kansas-Nebraska territory and how it would be organized into states to come into the Union.  The battle over slavery began again. Nebraska was far enough north that it would clearly be a free state, as required under the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The question was about Kansas: would it come into the Union as a free state or a slave state? An influential Democratic senator from Illinois, Stephen Douglas, proposed a solution he called popular sovereignty. Under his proposal, the residents of a territory would vote to decide if slavery would be legal. The legislation put forth by Douglas, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, would essentially overturn the Missouri Compromise and allow slavery in states where the citizens voted for it. The Kansas-Nebraska Act was immediately controversial. (For instance, in Illinois a lawyer who had given up on politics, Abraham Lincoln, was so offended by it that he resumed his political career.) With the decision in Kansas approaching, anti-slavery activists from northern states began flooding into the territory. Pro-slavery farmers from the South also began to arrive. The new arrivals began to make a difference in voting. In November 1854 an election to choose a territorial delegate to send to the U.S. Congress resulted in many illegal votes. The following spring an election to choose a territorial legislature resulted in Border Ruffians coming across the border from Missouri to ensure a decisive (if disputed) win for pro-slavery candidates. By August 1855 the anti-slavery people who had come into Kansas rejected the new state constitution, created what they called a free-state legislature, and created a free-state constitution known as the Topeka Constitution. In April 1856 the pro-slavery government in Kansas set up in its capital, Lecompton. The federal government, accepting the disputed election, considered the Lecompton legislature as the legitimate government of Kansas. Eruptions of Violence Tensions were high, and then on May 21, 1856, pro-slavery riders entered the free soil town of Lawrence, Kansas, and burned homes and businesses. To retaliate, John Brown and some of his followers dragged five pro-slavery men from their homes at Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas, and murdered them. The violence even reached the halls of Congress. After an abolitionist senator from Massachusetts, Charles Sumner, delivered a blistering speech denouncing slavery and those who supported it in Kansas, he was beaten nearly to death by a South Carolina congressman. A truce was finally worked out by a new territorial governor, though violence continued to flare until finally dying down in 1859. Significance of Bleeding Kansas It was estimated that the skirmishing in Kansas ultimately cost about 200 lives. While it was not a major war, it was important as it showed how the tensions of slavery could lead to violent conflict. And in a sense, Bleeding Kansas was a precursor to the Civil War, which would violently split the nation in 1861.

How Feudalism Played A Major Role With State And The...

Zachary Hayes British Literature I Dr. Dunnum 10/23/15 â€Å"In a feudal system, a peasant or worker known as a vassal received a piece of land in return for serving a lord or king, especially during times of war.† (Feudal System) During the Middle Ages and other parts of modern Europe, through texts, we can see how feudalism played a major role with state and the government. Kings looked at it as â€Å"higher authority† and have more control over the knights, nobles, and peasants that lie within that system. Though kings have more of a physical control throughout these texts, I believe the queens have more manipulative power. In Marie de France’s short story, â€Å"Lanval†, it is obvious that the state was in control of many lives. Throughout the†¦show more content†¦Later in the story, the reader experiences the power of the queen when Lanval denies her offer to love him. â€Å"The Queen saw him go off alone, And she headed straight for that knight. She sat near him, she called him over, She spoke as her heart would move her: ‘Lanval, I really do respect you, I really care, I really love, And you can have all my love.† (â€Å"France† 393-399) The queen began to accuse Lanval of being gay because he had never had a woman show him pleasure. Suddenly, Lanval admits that he is in love with someone else who would be far better than the queen herself, which sent the queen away crying. Soon afterwards, Lanval was commanded to appear in court without delay. The Queen’s assertive power was shown by her ability to punish innocent people, meaning she obviously got what she wanted regardless of whether it was right or not. The negative characteristics of the king are shown in â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight†. The descriptions the author uses to describe King Author and the descriptions used at the end of the story to describe the positive characteristics of Bertilak de Hautdesert. King Authur represents the king of the time period, while Bertilak represents the proper traits of a king. King Arthur embarrasses himself when neither he nor anyone else in the court are willing to accept the â€Å"green knightâ⠂¬â„¢s† challenge. Kings during the

The Oedipus Complex in D.H. Lawrences Sons and Lovers...

At the conclusion of my research and the reading of the novel â€Å"Sons and Lovers† by D.H. Lawrence, it could be said that many scholars have agreed that Lawrence’s novel can be used to discuss the Freudian concept of the mother and son relationship. Without much knowledge on the famous psychologists Freud and his psychoanalytic theories it is common for a reader to overlook such an important theme and the detriments of such a passionate mother and son relationship. This paper will try to confirm that there was some kind of an Oedipus relationship between the main character Paul and his mother. This relationship stays with Paul up until the day he decides he must finally let his mother go. The relationship between Paul and his mother Mrs.†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mr. Morel was loathed by his children, especially Paul.† The children did not tell their father anything, Mr. Morel was a stranger in his own home. â€Å"All of the children, but particul arly Paul were peculiarly against their father, along with their mother.† Paul is always trying to please his mother. It was in his character to care what other people thought of him but he was especially worried about what his mother thought. Paul hoped that his father would die and wished he could live with his mother alone and take care of her. Paul hated his father. As a boy he had a fervent private religion. Make him stop drinking, he prayed every night. Lord, let my father die, he prayed very often. In his excerpt â€Å"Sons and Lovers: A Freudian Appreciation,† Alfred Booth Kuttner takes note of the idea that Paul’s relationship with his mother gets in the way of him becoming his own person. Paul is unable to develop a relationship with another woman who is not his mother. Kuttner also explains that the absence of a father figure in the life of a young boy can later form stronger and unhealthier feelings toward the mother. In the instance of Paul, his rela tionship with his mother was very much so influenced by Mrs. Morel’s â€Å"excessive emotional attachment to her son† said Kuttner. Mrs. Morel’s overly devoted love for Paul kept him restricted in life and left him with this inability to know what life was without his mother. Paul loved hisShow MoreRelatedSons And Lovers : Psychoanalytic Criticism Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesSons and Lovers: Psychoanalytic Criticism David Herbert Lawrence was born September 11, 1885 in a small coal mining village in Nottingham, England. He was the fourth child of Arthur and Lydia Lawrence. Arthur was a coal miner who worked in the mine from age ten until he was sixty-six. Lydia the more educated out of the two was born into a lower-middle class family; this changed when her father suffered a financial disaster. She passed down to her sons the profound desire to move out of the workingRead MorePsychoanalytic Criticism Of Sons And Lovers1597 Words   |  7 PagesShe passed down to her sons the profound desire to move out of the working class by expressing her dissatisfaction with her husband’s dead job combined and his drinking habits. Sons and Lovers is an eye opening semibiographical novel written by D.H Lawrence, an English writer from the United Kingdom. The novel was D.H Lawrence’s third book published in 1913 by Gerald Duckworth and Company in London, England. Sons and Lovers is about a young boy named Paul (based off of D.H Lawrence), who growsRead MoreSons And Lovers By D. H. Lawrence901 Words   |  4 Pages Sons and Lovers by D. H. Lawrence is based on the life of a boy named Paul Morel, who is going through life fighting a battle between his mind and heart. Lawrence wrote Sons and Lovers during the late 1800s and early 1900s. During that time, the book was not like other books. It was explicit about topics such as sex and love. His books were ahead of time, and he was quite influenced by Sigmund Freud. I believe that Freud really influenced lawrence’s writing during Chapters 6 and 7 when PaulRead More The Oedipus Complex in Literature Essays3480 Words   |  14 Pages According to Merriam-Webster online dictionary, the Oedipus Complex is a child’s positive libidinal feelings toward the parent of the opposite sex and hostile or jealous feelings toward the parent of the same sex that develop usually between the ages of three and six and that may be a source of adult personality disorder when unresolved (Merriam-Webster). In Sons and Lovers, Paul Morel demonstrates t he classic symptoms of the Oedipus complex. Paul and his father’s relationship is destroyed earlyRead MoreSons and Lovers1223 Words   |  5 PagesSons and Lovers: A Psychoanalytic Criticism Psychoanalysis is a psychological approach that focuses on the concepts of Sigmund Freud and helps us to understand human behavior. D.H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers (1913) is a text that cries out for a psychoanalytic interpretation.One of Freud’s most famous theories is the Oedipus complex, which deals with a child’s emerging sexuality. Freud used the story of Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex to help illustrate his theory. In the story, Oedipus unwittingly killsRead MoreSons and Lovers as an Autobiographical Novel1839 Words   |  8 Pages Novel gained immense popularity during the 20th century. In the history of English novel D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers is a typical 20th century novel. The 20th century novels bear the characteristics of realism, romanticism, modernism, impressionism, expressionism etc. It was a time of complex human psychology. A contiguous overflow of a thought, which is happening in human psychology become the theme of th e novel of the time. After the havoc and destruction of the First and theRead MoreNature in Sons and Lovers by D.H. Lawrence2490 Words   |  10 PagesLetters of D.H. Lawrence, (Aldous Huxley, 1932) declared that Lawrence was ‘above all a great literary artist†¦one of the greatest English writers of any time.’ Born in Eastwood near Nottingham, England on the 11th of September, 1885, D. H. Lawrence wrote novels that presented the dehumanizing effect of industrial culture and preached a glorified union with nature along with its corollary, sexual fulfilment. His experience growing up in a coal-mining family provided much of the inspiration for Sons and LoversRead More Sons and Lovers by D.H. Lawrence Essays6130 Words   |  25 PagesSons and Lovers by D.H. Lawrence THE PLOT In the rolling hills and coal-pitted fields of central England, known as the British Midlands, live the Morels, a poor mining family. The family has just moved down in the world from the nearby village of Bestwood to the Bottoms, a complex of working-class row houses. Gertrude Morel is a small, stern woman, pregnant with her third child, Paul, the protagonist of this novel. The Morels other children are William and Annie. But unlike his siblingsRead MoreHorace Gregory s Short ( But Perfectly Formed D. H. Lawrence : Pilgrim Of The Apocalypse10205 Words   |  41 Pages(1933) explains how Lawrence’s two essays on psychoanalysis were motivated by his desire to understand. What he needed to understand was why he was as he was; how the development of masculinity and gender identity were influenced and how obstacles such as an over-possessive mother might impair these developments. Hence, his works on psychoanalysis were not written to be an acceptance of Freud’s doctrines but rather a critical approach to them. Gregory maintains the Lawrence’s essays on psychoanalysis

Marjane Creates Her Identity Growing Up As An Opposition

Marjane creates her identity growing up as an opposition to authority while still being influenced by the values of her origin. Her contact with Iranian culture and Western Cultures were very similar experiences, considering both attempted to restrict her free will. She was raised to rebel which was only literally reinforced considering her parents were a part of the rebellion. While living in her native country, she seems to always find herself in some type of trouble because of the way she challenges authority and normal social constructs. Her parents send her to school in Austria because they fear that her inherent need to question authority in any situation she is in would get into major trouble or even killed. But this need to†¦show more content†¦Even though when Marjane is sent to Austria she attends a religious school, where education is used to train prejudice and propaganda, it is important because of what it demonstrates to Marjane. Mainly because she had previous ly attended a nonreligious school beforehand, Marjane was presented with the opportunity to be taught from both perspectives of education and given the ability to question what she had learned in both places. Marjane gains a specific observational skill that lets her notice hypocrisy when those who surround her are too biased by their religion or politics. Once again, her father was a big influencer in the rebellious attitude that was implemented through education. He explained to Marjane that the Shah was not chosen by God and that this was just a ploy to overthrow the government. He hated the Shah because he wasn’t educated or literate and he wanted his daughter to be the opposite. He resented the Shah and anyone who used religion to legitimize their power, which could have played into Marjane’s disdain for authority at her religious school later on. The school that Marjane attends in Austria was intended to be different for her, assumingly by her parents who wanted her to be safer, but it was still led by authoritarians who used religion as power. She could not stand thatShow MoreRelated Marjane Satrapis Persepolis3668 Words   |  15 Pages19).Such abrupt uprooting of a citizens identity and physical connection to their homeland leads to a conflicting sense of identity and belonging in individuals who are involved in the sudden transition. As a member of the Iranian diaspora, Marjane Satrapi endured many hardships in her efforts to transition from Middle Eastern culture to a more modernist Western culture. Her series of graphic novel memoirs, Persepolis, depict her childhood growing up in Iran during both the Islamic Revolution

Sammuri Argumentative Essay Free Essays

Samurais Argumentative essay Samurais were a vital part of Japanese culture and should have been allowed to continue. Although there were dangerous aspects of this tradition, it was also a large part of Japanese culture. As time passed, their existence had gradually lessened, resulting in their loss. We will write a custom essay sample on Sammuri Argumentative Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although the Samurai ways are no longer practiced, they have left a legacy that keeps on affecting the lives of people in Japan today. The traditions of the samurai still have an influence on the lives of the Japanese people. Whether it is through the martial arts, the peaceful arts, or their beliefs, the samurai continue to influence life to this day. The Samurai’s ethics are major in Japanese society as well as business; the idea of Bushido exists in society today as the Japanese business ethics illustrate honor and duty to Japan. To be a Samurai was a huge honor and it took an abundance of training and extensive hours of practice. Samurais had to be completely dedicated to their lifestyle; they repeated their schedule day after day: wake up in the Samurai village, meditation, hours of training, dinner, and sleep. Their routine was very rigorous however; it was compensated when they went into battle. Samurais were an elite group of warriors who were very skilled in battle and killing. Many may say that the Samurais were very violent and provocative group, however, the Samurais were always on the defensive. Though the entire movie, the Samurais never picked the fight, it was always the Americans- or in any case, it was never the Samurais who were picking the fights. The Samurais’ code of honor, Bushido, was much like a knights’ code of honor, chivalry; the only difference was â€Å"seppuku†. Seppuku was the traditional suicide after a battle was lost. The leader of the losing team was to commit suicide by carving a figure 8 into his abdomen because he shouldn’t live with the shame of losing a battle. If the man could not complete the figure 8, the leader of the opposing side would cut off the loser’s head. This was all part of honor; however, many people saw it as barbaric and couldn’t understand this ritual. The Samurai were trained warriors and their job was to kill predators so any way they are viewed; they were still violent peoples so in a way it was a good thing that the tradition was discontinued. The weapons the Samurais used were swords, bow and arrows, and a spear; no fire arms. In the movie, The Last Samurai, it was said that the â€Å"sword is part of the soul†. The Japanese took this very seriously; training took up most of a warriors’ day. The samurai rose to power out of the constant fight for land in feudal Japan. They became experts at fighting from horseback and on the ground. They trained in armed and unarmed combat. They wore many layers of armor and used only the sword passed down from previous generations. As mentioned previously, the Samurai were trained warriors and their job was to kill predators so in a way it was a good thing that the tradition was discontinued. However, much like the Samurai, soldiers fighting the war today are much more aggressive than the Samurai and they are armed with much more lethal weapons than a sword. Others may view this as hypocritical that the centuries long tradition was put to an end yet we continue to fight and kill to get what we need; we aren’t even fighting to protect our people like the Samurais were, we are fighting for something that we want. How to cite Sammuri Argumentative Essay, Essays

The Global Macro Trends Challenges Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Global Macro Trends Challenges. Answer: Introduction The global macro trends focus on instituting the changes in the overall economic scenario. The changing scenario is focusing on managing the changes and acknowledged the need of people management. The focus here is to manage the changes and accommodating the organization with the appropriate needs. With the ever increasing war for talent acquisition and reported organizational growth worldwide; it has become important to find out a unique solution. The existing business organizations are witnessing a shift in the way of conducting business. The purpose here is clear about the changes that are introduced looking onto the existing business scenario. Innovative solution in a business organization is essential in a new challenging working atmosphere (Hill, 2008). The scarcest resource in a business organization is the man force. In addition, both manager and leader have to be assertive in terms of gaining better results. Especially in todays scenario it has become evident to manage the c hallenges thereafter. Every individual is looking out for a fair, transparent and predictable manager but they are willing to put up with unproductive managers if the company generally is driven by a tough organizer. Even within a diversified working organization the companies are currently focusing on adding more people. Around 71 percent of the companies are looking for including diversity to their companies. The effort is located on race and ethnicity. The primary focus in 2018 is to improve the gender diversity in the Multinational organizations (Knight and Liesch, 2016). Literature Review: Challenges and opportunities' presented by 'macro-level globalisation trends Over the first decade of the transition there have been 2 broad changes witnessed on the economy. There has been a rapid transition in the liberalization and sound fiscal policies. Macro-economic reforms do not accompany in an effective market changes. Macroeconomic reforms are important for leading the comprehensive business work in order to gain effectiveness. The countries which are using the macro economic policies are more advanced in terms of attaining goals whereas the countries who has not adopted a model on a long run. Clearly defined policies are important enough for strengthening the long-term organizational goal. Economic competiveness matters for an instance. It is important in order to be more copetetive and productive. This will allow in matching up with the social needs of the people. Over the last decade there has been tremendous change in the working environment. It is certainly true that the fourth industrial revolution is changing rapidly by including information and technology (Zucchella and Magnani, 2016). This has simply changes the way in which the competitiveness and innovative idea has increase. The current time is to focus on innovative ideas and particularly focused on imbibing functions. Once the idea is been implemented then it has become important to gain effectiveness. The existing global environment is primarily focused on adding creative knowledge in students. This will certainly allow in overcoming the future challenges and fighting against the odds. The overall focus is to look upon ever kind of odd which will certainly allow in imbuing dramatic change (Gerschewski, Rose and Lindsay, 2015). The innovative function and knowledge is therefore important in focusing over the challenges across the globe. Even though the concept of globalization is unaltered it has become more important to combine the productive factors in order to gain effectiveness. The result of the most productive country is to be directly focused on including imprint. Most interestedly the productive counties are able to manage the changing work environment. This competitiveness is crucial for the work environment. These factors are all connected with the growth of the organizational effectiveness. Equitable income distribution is one of the major concerns that are being forced in order to match up with the expectations (Chetty, Johanson and Martn, 2014). Impact on recruiting and retaining talents (workforces) for multinationals The current business organizations are facing issues in managing the workforce directly. There are continuous issues regarding the organizational ineffective role and responsibility. The purpose is to develop the organizational efforts and securing efforts in order to redefining workforce. The present challenge is to manage the organizational challenge. The changes are seen in terms of developing the workforce directly (Yang and Gabrielsson, 2017). This includes the organizational development and consist a systematic approach while influencing systematic approach. The purpose here is to come up with a stringent market strategy. This will certainly allow the business organization in matching up with the expectations. The purpose of an individual organization is to locate the features and looking out for the most significant feature. The purpose here is to furnish the organizational value and putting forward the value in order to attain the persistent goals (Jones and Casulli, 2014). T he only trouble the modern organizations are facing in terms of mixing the cultural differences. This cultural gap in western and Asian culture has to be combined with a focus to attain effectiveness. This will purposefully allow in managing the secured organizational rights. The long time purpose of an organization is to maintain a balance and putting forward the most important organizational goal. This will somehow allow in managing the organizational effectiveness. Globalization has however created a gap in understanding the organizational values. This is important enough to handle the situation and managing the continuous issues. This is important to maintain the organizational effectiveness and coping up with the organizational ineffectiveness (Coad, 2009). Key trends regarding talent attraction and retention Most of the business organizations are working really hard to manage the business effectiveness. There has been difficulty in balancing the organizational value and retaining the employees oversee. The problem is generally seen in terms of attracting and retaining the efficient employee. Each and every country has a different cultural value. In terms of gaining the efficient role and responsibility the major role is to look upon ensuring organizational goal (Jantunen et al 2008). The primary focus is to measure the long-term sustainable results and attaining effective role. The concrete focus here is to provide them with a comfortable working environment. This will however allow in managing the organizational role and responsibility. Most of the business organizations are coming up with long time ineffectiveness. This is caused generally due to the organizational gaps. The organizational role and responsibility is to undertake the cultural value. The most important part of the organi zation is to work in association with the work environment. The role is to manage the organizational change and value them accordingly (Cavusgil and Knight, 2009). The overall purpose can be managed through developing a concrete plan. This will certainly allow in managing the organizational gaps and maintaining a resolution for attaining concrete goals. The overall purpose of an organization is to look for the most effective and manageable organizational goals. This will certainly help in gaining value for long term persistent results. The most difficult part is to find out the most suitable employee for the company. The change in the work culture in different countries has created a gap in managing the organizational value (Fletcher and Harris, 2012). It is important enough for maintaining the values of the employees and understands the sustainable role. The long-term purpose of the company is to arrange the better roles and responsibilities. This will certainly allow in matching u p with the employee expectations and attaining the most effective value. This is important enough for the organization to attain the organizational value. This is necessary for maintaining the goals for the long-term purpose in order to value system in an organization. The clear purpose of the organization is to attain the values in order to manage the system. The purpose of the organizational function is to sustain the changes and make employees used to the changes. In certain conditions the changing working environment is affecting the people (Clegg, et al 2011). The changes in the working situation are therefore affecting people to a large extent and develop a better working culture. This will certainly help in improving the work environment. The purpose of the business organization is to manage the effectiveness in order to arrange the organizational efforts. The purpose here is clear in order to manage the efforts and to allocate the business policies. The purpose here is to ce rtain the organizational value and allocating the responsible organizational goals. The general organizational behavior is to allocate the resources in order to manage the effectiveness and allocating the purpose. The purpose of the working environment is to arrange the functions in order to maintain a gap that will certainly allow in managing the systematic approach (Kshetri, 2010). Analysis From the literature review part it is clear that the global organizational culture is changing rapidly. The global productivity is not growing as fast as expected. This is a paradox as a world is more concerned with choosing extreme technology. There are certain positive explanations that are important enough for influencing the productiveness. The innovation is related with the industrial changes and associate effectiveness. The technology competency has helped in managing the challenges and allocating the result for organizing efforts. There are several possible explain anions that are simply related with the innovation and technology. The major innovation and technology is related with the development of the industrial background (Zucchella and Magnani, 2016). Most likely it is evident from the point of view generating innovative knowledge and developing growth prospective. Its been completely important in todays competitive world to come up with an innovative idea. This will cert ainly allow in gaining competitive advancement. By comparing globalization to international business it is possible for one to understand operational and marketing strategies; you can identify several specific differences. A business strategy meant for defining unique market place and attaining an effective business process. This is important to manage a specific business strategy that will allow in gaining specific goals (Brennan and Garvey, 2009). It is important from the point of view of gaining effective roles and competency over the year. The most important part of gaining adequacy is in term s of developing opportunities. These opportunities do have tendencies to gain an upper hand. The purpose here is clear upon gaining effectiveness and matching up to the individual organizational goals. It is important from the point of view of gaining effectiveness in an organizational atmosphere and meeting the regulatory measures in order to match up with the organizational performance. The long-time gap in understanding the organizational goal and developing the effective cultural value is important to maintain the persistent growth. The purpose is to manage the situation in order to value the organizational goal. The purpose here is to manage the organizational value and systematically locating the possible gaps. The idea behind locating the gaps in the organization is to understand the human resource value and matching up with the organizational value. This is important enough for matching up with the organizational goals and looking forward for the necessary outcome that will certainly allow in locating the gaps. The purpose here is to manage the changes and ensuring the organizational goals (Di Gregorio, Musteen and Thomas, 2008) Findings From the analysis it is figured out that the human resource planning and development will undergo changes. There will be mixed changes in the global environment leading to a wide market alteration.The challenges and opportunities impact on recruiting and retaining talents (workforces) is to locate the problem and allocate the responsible resources. The purpose here is to certain the organizational growth. This will help in ascertaining the organizational value and sustaining the issues in order to match up the individual expectations. The Overall purpose here is to manage the organizational value and attain values that will certainly allow effectiveness. The purpose of the business function is to generate the value and maintain an organizational balance. This has processed in gaining organizational effectiveness and allocating purposes in order to manage the roles in assisting the organization in gaining responsibilities. The purpose of a business organization is to maintain a balanc e and empowering organizational growth. This has a positive impact on the organization and adding on the responsibility. It is important for the organization to value the changes and looking forward for the organizational growth. This will certainly allow in matching up with the individual expectations. It is important enough for the business organization to look forward in order to sustain challenges. This will allow in managing the gaps and ascertaining the capacity. The focus here is to manage the organizational functions and looking forward to an effective process. This will somehow help in attaining efforts and sustaining the gaps. The purpose is to allocate the organizational goals and matching up with the individual expectations. Conclusion To conclude, there is no one country that has achieved effective goals without any external interference. For gaining an effective business roles and support, it is important to include people from a different cultural background. The primary focus is to attain the effectiveness in order to maintain a balance. The World Economic Forum has published an index called the Inclusive Development Index. This index is known to include growth, social inclusion, and national equitable income distribution. Al this is directly related with the correlation between the Inclusive Development Index and the Global Competitiveness Index. Innovative solution in a business organization is essential in a new challenging working atmosphere. References Brennan, L. and Garvey, D., 2009. The role of knowledge in internationalization.Research in International Business and Finance,23(2), pp.120-133. Cavusgil, S.T. and Knight, G., 2009.Born global firms: A new international enterprise. Business expert press. Chetty, S., Johanson, M. and Martn, O.M., 2014. Speed of internationalization: Conceptualization, measurement and validation.Journal of World Business,49(4), pp.633-650. Clegg, S.R., Carter, C., Kornberger, M. and Schweitzer, J., 2011.Strategy: theory and practice. Sage. Coad, A., 2009.The growth of firms: A survey of theories and empirical evidence. Edward Elgar Publishing. Di Gregorio, D., Musteen, M. and Thomas, D.E., 2008. International new ventures: The cross-border nexus of individuals and opportunities.Journal of World Business,43(2), pp.186-196. Fletcher, M. and Harris, S., 2012. Knowledge acquisition for the internationalization of the smaller firm: Content and sources.International Business Review,21(4), pp.631-647. Gerschewski, S., Rose, E.L. and Lindsay, V.J., 2015. Understanding the drivers of international performance for born global firms: An integrated perspective.Journal of World Business,50(3), pp.558-575. Hill, C., 2008. International business: Competing in the global market place.Strategic Direction,24(9). Jantunen, A., Nummela, N., Puumalainen, K. and Saarenketo, S., 2008. Strategic orientations of born globalsDo they really matter?.Journal of world business,43(2), pp.158-170. Jones, M.V. and Casulli, L., 2014. International entrepreneurship: Exploring the logic and utility of individual experience through comparative reasoning approaches.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,38(1), pp.45-69. Knight, G.A. and Liesch, P.W., 2016. Internationalization: From incremental to born global.Journal of World Business,51(1), pp.93-102. Kshetri, N., 2010.The global cybercrime industry: economic, institutional and strategic perspectives. Springer Science Business Media. Yang, M. and Gabrielsson, P., 2017. Entrepreneurial marketing of international high-tech business-to-business new ventures: A decision-making process perspective.Industrial Marketing Management,64, pp.147-160. Zucchella, A. and Magnani, G., 2016.International entrepreneurship: theoretical foundations and practices. Springer.

FMEA on Product Development

Question: Discuss about the FMEA on Product Development. Answer: Introduction FMEA is a method or strategy used in product development to manage risks associated with the process. Generally, it will include four major steps which are: identifying and evaluating potential failures, techniques to reduce these potential failures, ranking the potential failures and finally, documenting the entire process [1]. From this general description, its clear to see the critical aspect of FMEA which is to anticipate a problem before it happens. In actual sense, anticipating problems is impossible but the development procedures used should have an extensive list of all the potential problems/failures associated with it. This list provides development teams with exact procedures to mitigate failure if they happen to occur. Furthermore, it reduces panic and instead facilitates a smooth follow of events. A consistent application of FMEA allows engineers to eliminate failures and instead produce safe and reliable products that meet the customers specifications. This outcome is achieved using the historical records kept by the consistent documentation of events. In a nutshell, engineers learn from past mistakes to produce better products [2]. Therefore, its through practice that FMEA is able to anticipate failures in product development and even in the product itself. Through such methods, a design team is able to deliberately reduce failures by eliminating past components that led to failures or had negative effects [3]. Implementing FMEA has many benefits, but none is as important as the outcome proposed by the Factor of 10 rule where good and early design improvements are known to reduce the expenditure costs used in product modification at later stages of product design. This benefit is especially important today where market competition is severe due to globalisation and market integration. Today, market winners are determined by the quality of products and more so, the business advantages they have in product development. Innovation and sustainable production are at the forefront of these business advantages that set aside successful companies and organisations [4]. Over the past few years, quality of products and services has been the focus of production where wastage is reduced while engaging high-speed production processes. These processes are facilitated by technological innovations implemented using FMEA outlines. This technological-FMEA integration helps reduce production cost by minimising the modifications costs and increases the number of products developed. Furthermore, innovation helps companies distinguish themselves from their rivals by having quality products with consistent standards. Again, this outcome increases the customer base and the overall profit margins [4]. Previously, FMEA was used as a support design tool where it facilitates the design process of product development. However, today FMEA is literally used as a design tool in itself. Its capabilities and most notably the ability to disclose failures qualify it for this role. Moreover, its able to quantify the elements of failure by varying the effects of the different chunks of product development. This procedure determines the overall list of preventable failures based on component prioritisation which reduces the overall failures [5]. Background FMEA was originally used by industrial pioneers particularly those in the automation and military industry. However, in the 1960s the aerospace industry started to emphasise on its capabilities and practicality in the industry which over the years transitioned to the modern application in product design and development. As its seen today, FMEA was used to prioritise quantitative and qualitative measures to meet the need of quality products and services. Consequently, owing to its success in the aerospace industry it was deployed in other diverse industries. However, different FMEA standards have been implemented in the various industries that have adopted it, for instance, the United States military has the MIL-P-1629 standards, while the International Organization for Standardization has the ISO/TS 16949 standard [6]. In academic research, a common direction is exhibited by all researchers who try to enhance the related features of FMEA particularly in risk management and failure analysis procedures. Consider the work done by Stone et al [7], where he proposed a design approach that would support FMEA in conceptual design procedures. In his approach, he utilises functions to define failures and assess risks in product design. Other researchers, such as Chao and Ishii advocated for error-proofing methods to mitigate failures. Moreover, these researchers classified their FMEA approach into six elements i.e.: knowledge, analysing, communication, execute, alterations and the organisation. Nevertheless, regardless of the approach or standard adopted a common component associated with FMEA is the evaluation index, which technically is known as the risk priority number (PRN). PRN is always established when executing a development process and will have three rating elements, the severity, occurrence and detection. These elements are then rated using a scale of ten and having different guidelines as shown below. No. Aspect 1 Rating value 10 1. Severity Insignificant Catastrophic 2. Occurrence Extremely unlikely Inevitable 3. Detection Absolutely certain to detect No control exists Rating Scale Guideline In research, establishing the accuracy of the RPN outline is important as it defines the accuracy of the FMEA process. Furthermore, the product of the three elements establishes the RPN which is used to predict failure of potential problems with the development process. However, this outlook creates several challenges, for one, if a high number is obtained (the product of severity, occurrence and detection) then a high risk is imminent but of what component? A high RPN number does not indicate the actual risk, it does not highlight the exact aspect in question, either severity, occurrence or detection risk. Integration Framework From the previous section, RPN can be defined as a measurement tool used to assess and evaluate risk in the product development procedures. Generally, its values will range from 1 to 1000, where 1 is the absolute best (zero/minimal failures) and 1000 is the absolute worst scenario [8]. In terms of calculations the following procedure is used: Severity (S) Severity X Occurrence (S X-O) This is known as criticality Severity X Occurrence X Detection (S x O x D) This is the RPN Severity is critical and should always be treated as an independent variable regardless of the outcome. However, as highlighted before there still exists some significant gaps between the design platforms (product development) and the FMEA domains. These gaps as stated in the introductory part can only be met by developing an integrated framework that combines FMEA elements with design procedures. But before we do so lets first highlight the basic elements of product design and development. Basic elements of Product design/development Standardisation of design procedures is still a big problem among researchers and practitioners. In fact, no universal standards exist in design procedures which make it difficult to relate the work done by practitioners with that done by academic researchers [9]. However, regardless of this minor setbacks, the overall design/development process of any product can be classified in have the following format and having three elements: functions, requirements and components. Functions as a concept are derived from the how and what factor in product design. In true sense, its a philosophical term that engineers use to describe the basic purposes or use of a certain product [10]. Therefore, using the how and what distinction, a function is a process used to achieve a certain solution i.e. how. While the what identifies the solution itself. From this distinction, its clear to see that a common solution can be achieved using different functions and vice versa. Requirements, on the other hand, are the needs that gauge the usability of a certain product. Furthermore, these needs are mainly focused on the customers specifications which explain why most needs are associated with the customers. Moreover, it is the customer who pays for the product for his own use. Finally, the components are the subsequent solutions that meet the needs of certain functions [11]. Now, having defined the basic elements of product design, this paper now focuses on organising these factors to fit into the product development procedure. Note, in the past these elements are lately considered or even never considered in the development process. Similar to the RPN elements, these design elements must be itemised to fit the design procedure of a product. Therefore, the letters F, R and C are used to describe the design elements (F-Functions, R- Requirements and C-Components). Basic elements of FMEA procedure Several FMEA standards exist in the market as highlighted in the previous section of this report, however, at its core FMEA utilises some basic elements to characterise its operation procedures. These elements are modes of failure, effects and causes of these failures [12]. When a product fails to meet its original mandate or requirements, the mode(s) of failure are exhibited. Modes of failure are therefore the outcomes that cause a product to fails its originally set mandate. To satisfy the integration framework, the modes of failure must be defined according to the known design procedures, particularly the design elements identified above. This outlook enables a development team to prepare an accurate FMEA document having all the design procedures. On the other hand, cause and effects of failures are the reason behind the failure and the results of these failures respectively. For instance, consider a digital camera that is damaged after it falls on a concrete floor. As a failure m ode, the digital camera cannot execute its objective of taking pictures. The digital camera is damaged after the fall and therefore this is the cause of the failure. Finally, as an effect, the user or owner cannot take pictures. A good FMEA procedure concentrates on the direct outcomes of product failures i.e. the direct effects and causes of the failure. This practice establishes a guideline to resolve the actual problem. Now, applying the FMEA procedure, this report highlights these elements as components of the design/development process. This outlook is achieved by itemization of the said elements, in this case, CA, MF and EF are used to define the causes, failure modes and effects of product development [12]. Integration Procedure Most FMEA procedures will incorporate a method for risk control, this can either be the RPN method or the critical analysis method. As of now, the basic elements of the RPN method has been discussed, however, the discussion failed to highlight the actual design elements considered. To use the RPN method, a development team will analyse the following: 1.The severity of the effects of failure EF is the component considered when dealing with the severity element of the RPN procedure. 2.The occurrence of the cause of failure CA is the actual component where a team rates the likelihood of a certain cause of failure. 3. Finally, the detection component will have the cause of failure as well The development team will rate the possibility of identifying a certain cause of failure before it happens. This method seems too general to guarantee accurate results, for one, the design/development elements are not considered (Requirements, functions and components). Therefore, the entire assessment is based FMEA elements and past experiences. As a result of this assumption, it fails to highlight the product being developed despite the fact that it might be unique to each instance [13]. As a solution, this research/report processes the following integrated procedure as shown in the diagram below: Fig: Proposed Integration Model By integrating the various elements of FMEA and design/development process we are able to develop a holistic risk management procedure. In the model, the circular and oval shapes represent the FMEA elements. These elements are dependent on each other and thus have their corresponding relationship exhibited. However, their outcome is also dependent on the product in question i.e. the product being developed, which is the foundation of the assessment process thus the position and the box outline. Flow control is indicated by the arrows where the one-headed arrow indicates a continuous flow of events (to the next process). However, a double-headed arrow represents double dependency where each variable or element depends on the other. In this case, double headed arrow are shown between the design elements and MF, outlining the dependency between these production elements. Design and Development FMEA Design FMEA is the most common FMEA used in engineering and in product development. As the name suggest its used to analyse design procedures to identify risks and failures. Moreover, it utilises product functions and components as the risk assessment factors. For this method to work, researchers propose early inception so that the procedure can identify failure modes and mitigate them before they escalate to the product itself. However, having identified the benefits of FMEA i.e. risk reduction and improved quality of cost, it's normal for consumers to propose multiple FMEA procedures. However, the process is extensive, tedious and time-consuming which limits most development process to one assessment procedure. Therefore, there are no other risk assessment procedures used to assess the FMEA process, this outlines the importance of accuracy and consistency in the risk management process [14]. An integrated procedure helps to improve the accuracy and consistency of the FMEA procedure. For one, the proposed model can be applied at different stages of product development thus maintaining a high accuracy rate. Moreover, it can be used to counter check the results of the previous FMEA process. Therefore, a product development team can identify the risk assessments elements after obtaining the product requirements. After developing the product specifications, the team can then translate them to the functions and simultaneously transfer the FMEA elements from the requirements. Now, this transition can contain both the product requirements and the assessments made which are validated by the FMEA process conducted at the Function stage. Similarly, the process can be repeated again when executing the component level of product development procedure. In the end, the risk assessment procedure is executed multiple time (minimal 3 times) which can be used to cross check the final resul ts [12]. The FMEA procedure is a continuous process that starts at the customers specification and ends at the delivery of the product. Over this period, the risk assessment procedure must remain consistent especially when rating the risk numbers i.e. RPN which now has a better and accurate result because of the integrated system. Moreover, the important requirements must remain consistent throughout the process to satisfy the customer [15]. In addition to this, the critical elements that hold potential failures must be identified and highlighted throughout the production process. Functions, on the other hand, align with the requirements and are developed while observing the critical failures. Finally, the development procedure must prioritise the components it uses based on the risk analysis [16]. In the end, components with the least risk are selected as they hold the key to the function of the overall product (Sub-functions). As an added bonus, the integration model facilitates documentation of FMEA procedures more so, when you consider the logical flow of events and the overall selection of production elements. These accurate records are then modified to suit other subsequent products produced by an organisation or company [15]. Conclusion FMEA procedures have for many years been used to assess the risk associated with product development. However, different methods are used with varying results which conflict with the work done by researchers and practitioners. In practices, FMEA methods are supposed to help engineers and product developers in designing and eliminating failures in products/services. This research report highlights an integrated model that combines both design and FMEA elements to produce the best assessment results. However, the success of the procedure highlighted in this report depends on the work done by previous researchers and most importantly the documentation done by other development processes. Nevertheless, this outlook will allow product developers to borrow from past experiences and limit the critical factors that lead to product failures. As an objective, the research aimed to develop a holistic FMEA process that could integrate the various component of product development, from the cost of production (economy) to the technical requirements. This objective is easily met by the integrated model suggested in this report. Product development procedures that produce safe products that meet customers requirements are the key to increasing a companys customer base and its overall revenue income. FMEA can help meet this demand by anticipating problems and failures which reduce production cost. This efficient procedure produces efficient results where reliable products and services are delivered to the customers. An integrated FMEA model serves the same purpose while considering each product as a unique event or situation which improves accuracy and maintains consistency. References J. Bongiorno. (2001) Use FMEAs to improve your product development process, PM Network, Risk management, strategy [Online]. Available FTP: https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/fmeas-product-development-process-4962 NPD Solutions. (2017) Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA). [Online]. Available FTP: https://www.npd-solutions.com/fmea.html H. W. Wen. (2013). Integration of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) in the Engineering Design Process, Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering (CIISE), Concordia University, [Online]. Available FTP: https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/977562/1/Wen_MASc_F2013.pdf T. L. Nguyen, M. H. Shu and B. M. Hsu. (2016). Extended FMEA for Sustainable Manufacturing: An Empirical Study in the Non-Woven Fabrics Industry, Sustainability, MDPI, [Online]. Available FTP: www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/9/939/pdf F. R. Santos and S. Cabral. (2008). FMEA and PMBOK applied to project risk management, JISTEM - Journal of Information Systems and Technology Management, vol.5 no.2 So Paulo, [Online]. Available FTP: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextpid=S1807-17752008000200009 F. Boylan. (2011). Introducing the failure mode effects reflective analysis technique for the field of higher education and research, International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies, Dublin Institute of Technology, [Online]. Available FTP: https://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006context=ltccon L. Dittmann, T. Rademacher and S. Zelewski. (2002). Combining Knowledge Management and Quality Management Systems. [Online]. Available FTP: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2207/972355595925875cb5b953c812de00831a25.pdf FMEA-FMECA. (2017). FMEA RPN. [Online]. Available FTP: https://www.fmea-fmeca.com/fmea-rpn.html C. S. Carlson. (2012). Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA). [Online]. Available FTP: https://www.effectivefmeas.com/uploads/Failure_Mode_and_Effects_Analysis__FMEA__for_publication.pdf M. Wulan. (2010). Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA). MAE design model. [Online]. 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Available FTP: https://people.ucalgary.ca/~design/engg251/First%20Year%20Files/fmea.pdf S. Milena and C. Arvilla. (2014). Risk assessment in project planning using FMEA and critical path method, Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development, Vol. 14, Issue 3. [Online]. Available FTP: https://managementjournal.usamv.ro/pdf/vol_14/art6.pdf