Definition of Bleeding Kansas

Bleeding Kansas was a term coined to describe violent conflicts in the US territory of Kansas from 1854 to 1858. The violence was provoked when the residents of Kansas had to decide for themselves whether to become a slave state or a free state.The unrest in Kansas amounted to a civil conflict on a small scale, and was something of a premonition of the full-scale war Civil War that was split the nation less than a decade later. The outbreak of hostilities in Kansas was essentially a proxy war, with pro-slavery and anti-slavery sympathizers in the North and South sending manpower as well as weapons. As events unfolded, elections were decided by outsiders flooding into the territory, and two different territorial legislatures were established. The violence in Kansas became a subject of fascination, with reports often being carred in the newspapers of the day. It was the influential New York City editor, Horace Greeley, who was crediting with coining the term Bleeding Kansas. Some of the violence in Kansas was perpetrated by John Brown, a fanatical abolitionist who traveled, with his sons, to Kansas so they might slaughter pro-slavery settlers. Background of the Violence The atmosphere in the United States in the 1850s was tense, as the crisis over slavery became the most prominent issue of the day. The acquisition of new territories following the Mexican War led to the Compromise of 1850, which seemed to settle the question of which parts of the country would allow slavery. In 1853, when Congress turned its attention to the Kansas-Nebraska territory and how it would be organized into states to come into the Union.  The battle over slavery began again. Nebraska was far enough north that it would clearly be a free state, as required under the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The question was about Kansas: would it come into the Union as a free state or a slave state? An influential Democratic senator from Illinois, Stephen Douglas, proposed a solution he called popular sovereignty. Under his proposal, the residents of a territory would vote to decide if slavery would be legal. The legislation put forth by Douglas, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, would essentially overturn the Missouri Compromise and allow slavery in states where the citizens voted for it. The Kansas-Nebraska Act was immediately controversial. (For instance, in Illinois a lawyer who had given up on politics, Abraham Lincoln, was so offended by it that he resumed his political career.) With the decision in Kansas approaching, anti-slavery activists from northern states began flooding into the territory. Pro-slavery farmers from the South also began to arrive. The new arrivals began to make a difference in voting. In November 1854 an election to choose a territorial delegate to send to the U.S. Congress resulted in many illegal votes. The following spring an election to choose a territorial legislature resulted in Border Ruffians coming across the border from Missouri to ensure a decisive (if disputed) win for pro-slavery candidates. By August 1855 the anti-slavery people who had come into Kansas rejected the new state constitution, created what they called a free-state legislature, and created a free-state constitution known as the Topeka Constitution. In April 1856 the pro-slavery government in Kansas set up in its capital, Lecompton. The federal government, accepting the disputed election, considered the Lecompton legislature as the legitimate government of Kansas. Eruptions of Violence Tensions were high, and then on May 21, 1856, pro-slavery riders entered the free soil town of Lawrence, Kansas, and burned homes and businesses. To retaliate, John Brown and some of his followers dragged five pro-slavery men from their homes at Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas, and murdered them. The violence even reached the halls of Congress. After an abolitionist senator from Massachusetts, Charles Sumner, delivered a blistering speech denouncing slavery and those who supported it in Kansas, he was beaten nearly to death by a South Carolina congressman. A truce was finally worked out by a new territorial governor, though violence continued to flare until finally dying down in 1859. Significance of Bleeding Kansas It was estimated that the skirmishing in Kansas ultimately cost about 200 lives. While it was not a major war, it was important as it showed how the tensions of slavery could lead to violent conflict. And in a sense, Bleeding Kansas was a precursor to the Civil War, which would violently split the nation in 1861.

How Feudalism Played A Major Role With State And The...

Zachary Hayes British Literature I Dr. Dunnum 10/23/15 â€Å"In a feudal system, a peasant or worker known as a vassal received a piece of land in return for serving a lord or king, especially during times of war.† (Feudal System) During the Middle Ages and other parts of modern Europe, through texts, we can see how feudalism played a major role with state and the government. Kings looked at it as â€Å"higher authority† and have more control over the knights, nobles, and peasants that lie within that system. Though kings have more of a physical control throughout these texts, I believe the queens have more manipulative power. In Marie de France’s short story, â€Å"Lanval†, it is obvious that the state was in control of many lives. Throughout the†¦show more content†¦Later in the story, the reader experiences the power of the queen when Lanval denies her offer to love him. â€Å"The Queen saw him go off alone, And she headed straight for that knight. She sat near him, she called him over, She spoke as her heart would move her: ‘Lanval, I really do respect you, I really care, I really love, And you can have all my love.† (â€Å"France† 393-399) The queen began to accuse Lanval of being gay because he had never had a woman show him pleasure. Suddenly, Lanval admits that he is in love with someone else who would be far better than the queen herself, which sent the queen away crying. Soon afterwards, Lanval was commanded to appear in court without delay. The Queen’s assertive power was shown by her ability to punish innocent people, meaning she obviously got what she wanted regardless of whether it was right or not. The negative characteristics of the king are shown in â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight†. The descriptions the author uses to describe King Author and the descriptions used at the end of the story to describe the positive characteristics of Bertilak de Hautdesert. King Authur represents the king of the time period, while Bertilak represents the proper traits of a king. King Arthur embarrasses himself when neither he nor anyone else in the court are willing to accept the â€Å"green knightâ⠂¬â„¢s† challenge. Kings during the

The Oedipus Complex in D.H. Lawrences Sons and Lovers...

At the conclusion of my research and the reading of the novel â€Å"Sons and Lovers† by D.H. Lawrence, it could be said that many scholars have agreed that Lawrence’s novel can be used to discuss the Freudian concept of the mother and son relationship. Without much knowledge on the famous psychologists Freud and his psychoanalytic theories it is common for a reader to overlook such an important theme and the detriments of such a passionate mother and son relationship. This paper will try to confirm that there was some kind of an Oedipus relationship between the main character Paul and his mother. This relationship stays with Paul up until the day he decides he must finally let his mother go. The relationship between Paul and his mother Mrs.†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mr. Morel was loathed by his children, especially Paul.† The children did not tell their father anything, Mr. Morel was a stranger in his own home. â€Å"All of the children, but particul arly Paul were peculiarly against their father, along with their mother.† Paul is always trying to please his mother. It was in his character to care what other people thought of him but he was especially worried about what his mother thought. Paul hoped that his father would die and wished he could live with his mother alone and take care of her. Paul hated his father. As a boy he had a fervent private religion. Make him stop drinking, he prayed every night. Lord, let my father die, he prayed very often. In his excerpt â€Å"Sons and Lovers: A Freudian Appreciation,† Alfred Booth Kuttner takes note of the idea that Paul’s relationship with his mother gets in the way of him becoming his own person. Paul is unable to develop a relationship with another woman who is not his mother. Kuttner also explains that the absence of a father figure in the life of a young boy can later form stronger and unhealthier feelings toward the mother. In the instance of Paul, his rela tionship with his mother was very much so influenced by Mrs. Morel’s â€Å"excessive emotional attachment to her son† said Kuttner. Mrs. Morel’s overly devoted love for Paul kept him restricted in life and left him with this inability to know what life was without his mother. Paul loved hisShow MoreRelatedSons And Lovers : Psychoanalytic Criticism Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesSons and Lovers: Psychoanalytic Criticism David Herbert Lawrence was born September 11, 1885 in a small coal mining village in Nottingham, England. He was the fourth child of Arthur and Lydia Lawrence. Arthur was a coal miner who worked in the mine from age ten until he was sixty-six. Lydia the more educated out of the two was born into a lower-middle class family; this changed when her father suffered a financial disaster. She passed down to her sons the profound desire to move out of the workingRead MorePsychoanalytic Criticism Of Sons And Lovers1597 Words   |  7 PagesShe passed down to her sons the profound desire to move out of the working class by expressing her dissatisfaction with her husband’s dead job combined and his drinking habits. Sons and Lovers is an eye opening semibiographical novel written by D.H Lawrence, an English writer from the United Kingdom. The novel was D.H Lawrence’s third book published in 1913 by Gerald Duckworth and Company in London, England. Sons and Lovers is about a young boy named Paul (based off of D.H Lawrence), who growsRead MoreSons And Lovers By D. H. Lawrence901 Words   |  4 Pages Sons and Lovers by D. H. Lawrence is based on the life of a boy named Paul Morel, who is going through life fighting a battle between his mind and heart. Lawrence wrote Sons and Lovers during the late 1800s and early 1900s. During that time, the book was not like other books. It was explicit about topics such as sex and love. His books were ahead of time, and he was quite influenced by Sigmund Freud. I believe that Freud really influenced lawrence’s writing during Chapters 6 and 7 when PaulRead More The Oedipus Complex in Literature Essays3480 Words   |  14 Pages According to Merriam-Webster online dictionary, the Oedipus Complex is a child’s positive libidinal feelings toward the parent of the opposite sex and hostile or jealous feelings toward the parent of the same sex that develop usually between the ages of three and six and that may be a source of adult personality disorder when unresolved (Merriam-Webster). In Sons and Lovers, Paul Morel demonstrates t he classic symptoms of the Oedipus complex. Paul and his father’s relationship is destroyed earlyRead MoreSons and Lovers1223 Words   |  5 PagesSons and Lovers: A Psychoanalytic Criticism Psychoanalysis is a psychological approach that focuses on the concepts of Sigmund Freud and helps us to understand human behavior. D.H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers (1913) is a text that cries out for a psychoanalytic interpretation.One of Freud’s most famous theories is the Oedipus complex, which deals with a child’s emerging sexuality. Freud used the story of Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex to help illustrate his theory. In the story, Oedipus unwittingly killsRead MoreSons and Lovers as an Autobiographical Novel1839 Words   |  8 Pages Novel gained immense popularity during the 20th century. In the history of English novel D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers is a typical 20th century novel. The 20th century novels bear the characteristics of realism, romanticism, modernism, impressionism, expressionism etc. It was a time of complex human psychology. A contiguous overflow of a thought, which is happening in human psychology become the theme of th e novel of the time. After the havoc and destruction of the First and theRead MoreNature in Sons and Lovers by D.H. Lawrence2490 Words   |  10 PagesLetters of D.H. Lawrence, (Aldous Huxley, 1932) declared that Lawrence was ‘above all a great literary artist†¦one of the greatest English writers of any time.’ Born in Eastwood near Nottingham, England on the 11th of September, 1885, D. H. Lawrence wrote novels that presented the dehumanizing effect of industrial culture and preached a glorified union with nature along with its corollary, sexual fulfilment. His experience growing up in a coal-mining family provided much of the inspiration for Sons and LoversRead More Sons and Lovers by D.H. Lawrence Essays6130 Words   |  25 PagesSons and Lovers by D.H. Lawrence THE PLOT In the rolling hills and coal-pitted fields of central England, known as the British Midlands, live the Morels, a poor mining family. The family has just moved down in the world from the nearby village of Bestwood to the Bottoms, a complex of working-class row houses. Gertrude Morel is a small, stern woman, pregnant with her third child, Paul, the protagonist of this novel. The Morels other children are William and Annie. But unlike his siblingsRead MoreHorace Gregory s Short ( But Perfectly Formed D. H. Lawrence : Pilgrim Of The Apocalypse10205 Words   |  41 Pages(1933) explains how Lawrence’s two essays on psychoanalysis were motivated by his desire to understand. What he needed to understand was why he was as he was; how the development of masculinity and gender identity were influenced and how obstacles such as an over-possessive mother might impair these developments. Hence, his works on psychoanalysis were not written to be an acceptance of Freud’s doctrines but rather a critical approach to them. Gregory maintains the Lawrence’s essays on psychoanalysis

Marjane Creates Her Identity Growing Up As An Opposition

Marjane creates her identity growing up as an opposition to authority while still being influenced by the values of her origin. Her contact with Iranian culture and Western Cultures were very similar experiences, considering both attempted to restrict her free will. She was raised to rebel which was only literally reinforced considering her parents were a part of the rebellion. While living in her native country, she seems to always find herself in some type of trouble because of the way she challenges authority and normal social constructs. Her parents send her to school in Austria because they fear that her inherent need to question authority in any situation she is in would get into major trouble or even killed. But this need to†¦show more content†¦Even though when Marjane is sent to Austria she attends a religious school, where education is used to train prejudice and propaganda, it is important because of what it demonstrates to Marjane. Mainly because she had previous ly attended a nonreligious school beforehand, Marjane was presented with the opportunity to be taught from both perspectives of education and given the ability to question what she had learned in both places. Marjane gains a specific observational skill that lets her notice hypocrisy when those who surround her are too biased by their religion or politics. Once again, her father was a big influencer in the rebellious attitude that was implemented through education. He explained to Marjane that the Shah was not chosen by God and that this was just a ploy to overthrow the government. He hated the Shah because he wasn’t educated or literate and he wanted his daughter to be the opposite. He resented the Shah and anyone who used religion to legitimize their power, which could have played into Marjane’s disdain for authority at her religious school later on. The school that Marjane attends in Austria was intended to be different for her, assumingly by her parents who wanted her to be safer, but it was still led by authoritarians who used religion as power. She could not stand thatShow MoreRelated Marjane Satrapis Persepolis3668 Words   |  15 Pages19).Such abrupt uprooting of a citizens identity and physical connection to their homeland leads to a conflicting sense of identity and belonging in individuals who are involved in the sudden transition. As a member of the Iranian diaspora, Marjane Satrapi endured many hardships in her efforts to transition from Middle Eastern culture to a more modernist Western culture. Her series of graphic novel memoirs, Persepolis, depict her childhood growing up in Iran during both the Islamic Revolution

Sammuri Argumentative Essay Free Essays

Samurais Argumentative essay Samurais were a vital part of Japanese culture and should have been allowed to continue. Although there were dangerous aspects of this tradition, it was also a large part of Japanese culture. As time passed, their existence had gradually lessened, resulting in their loss. We will write a custom essay sample on Sammuri Argumentative Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although the Samurai ways are no longer practiced, they have left a legacy that keeps on affecting the lives of people in Japan today. The traditions of the samurai still have an influence on the lives of the Japanese people. Whether it is through the martial arts, the peaceful arts, or their beliefs, the samurai continue to influence life to this day. The Samurai’s ethics are major in Japanese society as well as business; the idea of Bushido exists in society today as the Japanese business ethics illustrate honor and duty to Japan. To be a Samurai was a huge honor and it took an abundance of training and extensive hours of practice. Samurais had to be completely dedicated to their lifestyle; they repeated their schedule day after day: wake up in the Samurai village, meditation, hours of training, dinner, and sleep. Their routine was very rigorous however; it was compensated when they went into battle. Samurais were an elite group of warriors who were very skilled in battle and killing. Many may say that the Samurais were very violent and provocative group, however, the Samurais were always on the defensive. Though the entire movie, the Samurais never picked the fight, it was always the Americans- or in any case, it was never the Samurais who were picking the fights. The Samurais’ code of honor, Bushido, was much like a knights’ code of honor, chivalry; the only difference was â€Å"seppuku†. Seppuku was the traditional suicide after a battle was lost. The leader of the losing team was to commit suicide by carving a figure 8 into his abdomen because he shouldn’t live with the shame of losing a battle. If the man could not complete the figure 8, the leader of the opposing side would cut off the loser’s head. This was all part of honor; however, many people saw it as barbaric and couldn’t understand this ritual. The Samurai were trained warriors and their job was to kill predators so any way they are viewed; they were still violent peoples so in a way it was a good thing that the tradition was discontinued. The weapons the Samurais used were swords, bow and arrows, and a spear; no fire arms. In the movie, The Last Samurai, it was said that the â€Å"sword is part of the soul†. The Japanese took this very seriously; training took up most of a warriors’ day. The samurai rose to power out of the constant fight for land in feudal Japan. They became experts at fighting from horseback and on the ground. They trained in armed and unarmed combat. They wore many layers of armor and used only the sword passed down from previous generations. As mentioned previously, the Samurai were trained warriors and their job was to kill predators so in a way it was a good thing that the tradition was discontinued. However, much like the Samurai, soldiers fighting the war today are much more aggressive than the Samurai and they are armed with much more lethal weapons than a sword. Others may view this as hypocritical that the centuries long tradition was put to an end yet we continue to fight and kill to get what we need; we aren’t even fighting to protect our people like the Samurais were, we are fighting for something that we want. How to cite Sammuri Argumentative Essay, Essays

The Global Macro Trends Challenges Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Global Macro Trends Challenges. Answer: Introduction The global macro trends focus on instituting the changes in the overall economic scenario. The changing scenario is focusing on managing the changes and acknowledged the need of people management. The focus here is to manage the changes and accommodating the organization with the appropriate needs. With the ever increasing war for talent acquisition and reported organizational growth worldwide; it has become important to find out a unique solution. The existing business organizations are witnessing a shift in the way of conducting business. The purpose here is clear about the changes that are introduced looking onto the existing business scenario. Innovative solution in a business organization is essential in a new challenging working atmosphere (Hill, 2008). The scarcest resource in a business organization is the man force. In addition, both manager and leader have to be assertive in terms of gaining better results. Especially in todays scenario it has become evident to manage the c hallenges thereafter. Every individual is looking out for a fair, transparent and predictable manager but they are willing to put up with unproductive managers if the company generally is driven by a tough organizer. Even within a diversified working organization the companies are currently focusing on adding more people. Around 71 percent of the companies are looking for including diversity to their companies. The effort is located on race and ethnicity. The primary focus in 2018 is to improve the gender diversity in the Multinational organizations (Knight and Liesch, 2016). Literature Review: Challenges and opportunities' presented by 'macro-level globalisation trends Over the first decade of the transition there have been 2 broad changes witnessed on the economy. There has been a rapid transition in the liberalization and sound fiscal policies. Macro-economic reforms do not accompany in an effective market changes. Macroeconomic reforms are important for leading the comprehensive business work in order to gain effectiveness. The countries which are using the macro economic policies are more advanced in terms of attaining goals whereas the countries who has not adopted a model on a long run. Clearly defined policies are important enough for strengthening the long-term organizational goal. Economic competiveness matters for an instance. It is important in order to be more copetetive and productive. This will allow in matching up with the social needs of the people. Over the last decade there has been tremendous change in the working environment. It is certainly true that the fourth industrial revolution is changing rapidly by including information and technology (Zucchella and Magnani, 2016). This has simply changes the way in which the competitiveness and innovative idea has increase. The current time is to focus on innovative ideas and particularly focused on imbibing functions. Once the idea is been implemented then it has become important to gain effectiveness. The existing global environment is primarily focused on adding creative knowledge in students. This will certainly allow in overcoming the future challenges and fighting against the odds. The overall focus is to look upon ever kind of odd which will certainly allow in imbuing dramatic change (Gerschewski, Rose and Lindsay, 2015). The innovative function and knowledge is therefore important in focusing over the challenges across the globe. Even though the concept of globalization is unaltered it has become more important to combine the productive factors in order to gain effectiveness. The result of the most productive country is to be directly focused on including imprint. Most interestedly the productive counties are able to manage the changing work environment. This competitiveness is crucial for the work environment. These factors are all connected with the growth of the organizational effectiveness. Equitable income distribution is one of the major concerns that are being forced in order to match up with the expectations (Chetty, Johanson and Martn, 2014). Impact on recruiting and retaining talents (workforces) for multinationals The current business organizations are facing issues in managing the workforce directly. There are continuous issues regarding the organizational ineffective role and responsibility. The purpose is to develop the organizational efforts and securing efforts in order to redefining workforce. The present challenge is to manage the organizational challenge. The changes are seen in terms of developing the workforce directly (Yang and Gabrielsson, 2017). This includes the organizational development and consist a systematic approach while influencing systematic approach. The purpose here is to come up with a stringent market strategy. This will certainly allow the business organization in matching up with the expectations. The purpose of an individual organization is to locate the features and looking out for the most significant feature. The purpose here is to furnish the organizational value and putting forward the value in order to attain the persistent goals (Jones and Casulli, 2014). T he only trouble the modern organizations are facing in terms of mixing the cultural differences. This cultural gap in western and Asian culture has to be combined with a focus to attain effectiveness. This will purposefully allow in managing the secured organizational rights. The long time purpose of an organization is to maintain a balance and putting forward the most important organizational goal. This will somehow allow in managing the organizational effectiveness. Globalization has however created a gap in understanding the organizational values. This is important enough to handle the situation and managing the continuous issues. This is important to maintain the organizational effectiveness and coping up with the organizational ineffectiveness (Coad, 2009). Key trends regarding talent attraction and retention Most of the business organizations are working really hard to manage the business effectiveness. There has been difficulty in balancing the organizational value and retaining the employees oversee. The problem is generally seen in terms of attracting and retaining the efficient employee. Each and every country has a different cultural value. In terms of gaining the efficient role and responsibility the major role is to look upon ensuring organizational goal (Jantunen et al 2008). The primary focus is to measure the long-term sustainable results and attaining effective role. The concrete focus here is to provide them with a comfortable working environment. This will however allow in managing the organizational role and responsibility. Most of the business organizations are coming up with long time ineffectiveness. This is caused generally due to the organizational gaps. The organizational role and responsibility is to undertake the cultural value. The most important part of the organi zation is to work in association with the work environment. The role is to manage the organizational change and value them accordingly (Cavusgil and Knight, 2009). The overall purpose can be managed through developing a concrete plan. This will certainly allow in managing the organizational gaps and maintaining a resolution for attaining concrete goals. The overall purpose of an organization is to look for the most effective and manageable organizational goals. This will certainly help in gaining value for long term persistent results. The most difficult part is to find out the most suitable employee for the company. The change in the work culture in different countries has created a gap in managing the organizational value (Fletcher and Harris, 2012). It is important enough for maintaining the values of the employees and understands the sustainable role. The long-term purpose of the company is to arrange the better roles and responsibilities. This will certainly allow in matching u p with the employee expectations and attaining the most effective value. This is important enough for the organization to attain the organizational value. This is necessary for maintaining the goals for the long-term purpose in order to value system in an organization. The clear purpose of the organization is to attain the values in order to manage the system. The purpose of the organizational function is to sustain the changes and make employees used to the changes. In certain conditions the changing working environment is affecting the people (Clegg, et al 2011). The changes in the working situation are therefore affecting people to a large extent and develop a better working culture. This will certainly help in improving the work environment. The purpose of the business organization is to manage the effectiveness in order to arrange the organizational efforts. The purpose here is clear in order to manage the efforts and to allocate the business policies. The purpose here is to ce rtain the organizational value and allocating the responsible organizational goals. The general organizational behavior is to allocate the resources in order to manage the effectiveness and allocating the purpose. The purpose of the working environment is to arrange the functions in order to maintain a gap that will certainly allow in managing the systematic approach (Kshetri, 2010). Analysis From the literature review part it is clear that the global organizational culture is changing rapidly. The global productivity is not growing as fast as expected. This is a paradox as a world is more concerned with choosing extreme technology. There are certain positive explanations that are important enough for influencing the productiveness. The innovation is related with the industrial changes and associate effectiveness. The technology competency has helped in managing the challenges and allocating the result for organizing efforts. There are several possible explain anions that are simply related with the innovation and technology. The major innovation and technology is related with the development of the industrial background (Zucchella and Magnani, 2016). Most likely it is evident from the point of view generating innovative knowledge and developing growth prospective. Its been completely important in todays competitive world to come up with an innovative idea. This will cert ainly allow in gaining competitive advancement. By comparing globalization to international business it is possible for one to understand operational and marketing strategies; you can identify several specific differences. A business strategy meant for defining unique market place and attaining an effective business process. This is important to manage a specific business strategy that will allow in gaining specific goals (Brennan and Garvey, 2009). It is important from the point of view of gaining effective roles and competency over the year. The most important part of gaining adequacy is in term s of developing opportunities. These opportunities do have tendencies to gain an upper hand. The purpose here is clear upon gaining effectiveness and matching up to the individual organizational goals. It is important from the point of view of gaining effectiveness in an organizational atmosphere and meeting the regulatory measures in order to match up with the organizational performance. The long-time gap in understanding the organizational goal and developing the effective cultural value is important to maintain the persistent growth. The purpose is to manage the situation in order to value the organizational goal. The purpose here is to manage the organizational value and systematically locating the possible gaps. The idea behind locating the gaps in the organization is to understand the human resource value and matching up with the organizational value. This is important enough for matching up with the organizational goals and looking forward for the necessary outcome that will certainly allow in locating the gaps. The purpose here is to manage the changes and ensuring the organizational goals (Di Gregorio, Musteen and Thomas, 2008) Findings From the analysis it is figured out that the human resource planning and development will undergo changes. There will be mixed changes in the global environment leading to a wide market alteration.The challenges and opportunities impact on recruiting and retaining talents (workforces) is to locate the problem and allocate the responsible resources. The purpose here is to certain the organizational growth. This will help in ascertaining the organizational value and sustaining the issues in order to match up the individual expectations. The Overall purpose here is to manage the organizational value and attain values that will certainly allow effectiveness. The purpose of the business function is to generate the value and maintain an organizational balance. This has processed in gaining organizational effectiveness and allocating purposes in order to manage the roles in assisting the organization in gaining responsibilities. The purpose of a business organization is to maintain a balanc e and empowering organizational growth. This has a positive impact on the organization and adding on the responsibility. It is important for the organization to value the changes and looking forward for the organizational growth. This will certainly allow in matching up with the individual expectations. It is important enough for the business organization to look forward in order to sustain challenges. This will allow in managing the gaps and ascertaining the capacity. The focus here is to manage the organizational functions and looking forward to an effective process. This will somehow help in attaining efforts and sustaining the gaps. The purpose is to allocate the organizational goals and matching up with the individual expectations. Conclusion To conclude, there is no one country that has achieved effective goals without any external interference. For gaining an effective business roles and support, it is important to include people from a different cultural background. The primary focus is to attain the effectiveness in order to maintain a balance. The World Economic Forum has published an index called the Inclusive Development Index. This index is known to include growth, social inclusion, and national equitable income distribution. Al this is directly related with the correlation between the Inclusive Development Index and the Global Competitiveness Index. Innovative solution in a business organization is essential in a new challenging working atmosphere. References Brennan, L. and Garvey, D., 2009. The role of knowledge in internationalization.Research in International Business and Finance,23(2), pp.120-133. Cavusgil, S.T. and Knight, G., 2009.Born global firms: A new international enterprise. Business expert press. Chetty, S., Johanson, M. and Martn, O.M., 2014. Speed of internationalization: Conceptualization, measurement and validation.Journal of World Business,49(4), pp.633-650. Clegg, S.R., Carter, C., Kornberger, M. and Schweitzer, J., 2011.Strategy: theory and practice. Sage. Coad, A., 2009.The growth of firms: A survey of theories and empirical evidence. Edward Elgar Publishing. Di Gregorio, D., Musteen, M. and Thomas, D.E., 2008. International new ventures: The cross-border nexus of individuals and opportunities.Journal of World Business,43(2), pp.186-196. Fletcher, M. and Harris, S., 2012. Knowledge acquisition for the internationalization of the smaller firm: Content and sources.International Business Review,21(4), pp.631-647. Gerschewski, S., Rose, E.L. and Lindsay, V.J., 2015. Understanding the drivers of international performance for born global firms: An integrated perspective.Journal of World Business,50(3), pp.558-575. Hill, C., 2008. International business: Competing in the global market place.Strategic Direction,24(9). Jantunen, A., Nummela, N., Puumalainen, K. and Saarenketo, S., 2008. Strategic orientations of born globalsDo they really matter?.Journal of world business,43(2), pp.158-170. Jones, M.V. and Casulli, L., 2014. International entrepreneurship: Exploring the logic and utility of individual experience through comparative reasoning approaches.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,38(1), pp.45-69. Knight, G.A. and Liesch, P.W., 2016. Internationalization: From incremental to born global.Journal of World Business,51(1), pp.93-102. Kshetri, N., 2010.The global cybercrime industry: economic, institutional and strategic perspectives. Springer Science Business Media. Yang, M. and Gabrielsson, P., 2017. Entrepreneurial marketing of international high-tech business-to-business new ventures: A decision-making process perspective.Industrial Marketing Management,64, pp.147-160. Zucchella, A. and Magnani, G., 2016.International entrepreneurship: theoretical foundations and practices. Springer.

FMEA on Product Development

Question: Discuss about the FMEA on Product Development. Answer: Introduction FMEA is a method or strategy used in product development to manage risks associated with the process. Generally, it will include four major steps which are: identifying and evaluating potential failures, techniques to reduce these potential failures, ranking the potential failures and finally, documenting the entire process [1]. From this general description, its clear to see the critical aspect of FMEA which is to anticipate a problem before it happens. In actual sense, anticipating problems is impossible but the development procedures used should have an extensive list of all the potential problems/failures associated with it. This list provides development teams with exact procedures to mitigate failure if they happen to occur. Furthermore, it reduces panic and instead facilitates a smooth follow of events. A consistent application of FMEA allows engineers to eliminate failures and instead produce safe and reliable products that meet the customers specifications. This outcome is achieved using the historical records kept by the consistent documentation of events. In a nutshell, engineers learn from past mistakes to produce better products [2]. Therefore, its through practice that FMEA is able to anticipate failures in product development and even in the product itself. Through such methods, a design team is able to deliberately reduce failures by eliminating past components that led to failures or had negative effects [3]. Implementing FMEA has many benefits, but none is as important as the outcome proposed by the Factor of 10 rule where good and early design improvements are known to reduce the expenditure costs used in product modification at later stages of product design. This benefit is especially important today where market competition is severe due to globalisation and market integration. Today, market winners are determined by the quality of products and more so, the business advantages they have in product development. Innovation and sustainable production are at the forefront of these business advantages that set aside successful companies and organisations [4]. Over the past few years, quality of products and services has been the focus of production where wastage is reduced while engaging high-speed production processes. These processes are facilitated by technological innovations implemented using FMEA outlines. This technological-FMEA integration helps reduce production cost by minimising the modifications costs and increases the number of products developed. Furthermore, innovation helps companies distinguish themselves from their rivals by having quality products with consistent standards. Again, this outcome increases the customer base and the overall profit margins [4]. Previously, FMEA was used as a support design tool where it facilitates the design process of product development. However, today FMEA is literally used as a design tool in itself. Its capabilities and most notably the ability to disclose failures qualify it for this role. Moreover, its able to quantify the elements of failure by varying the effects of the different chunks of product development. This procedure determines the overall list of preventable failures based on component prioritisation which reduces the overall failures [5]. Background FMEA was originally used by industrial pioneers particularly those in the automation and military industry. However, in the 1960s the aerospace industry started to emphasise on its capabilities and practicality in the industry which over the years transitioned to the modern application in product design and development. As its seen today, FMEA was used to prioritise quantitative and qualitative measures to meet the need of quality products and services. Consequently, owing to its success in the aerospace industry it was deployed in other diverse industries. However, different FMEA standards have been implemented in the various industries that have adopted it, for instance, the United States military has the MIL-P-1629 standards, while the International Organization for Standardization has the ISO/TS 16949 standard [6]. In academic research, a common direction is exhibited by all researchers who try to enhance the related features of FMEA particularly in risk management and failure analysis procedures. Consider the work done by Stone et al [7], where he proposed a design approach that would support FMEA in conceptual design procedures. In his approach, he utilises functions to define failures and assess risks in product design. Other researchers, such as Chao and Ishii advocated for error-proofing methods to mitigate failures. Moreover, these researchers classified their FMEA approach into six elements i.e.: knowledge, analysing, communication, execute, alterations and the organisation. Nevertheless, regardless of the approach or standard adopted a common component associated with FMEA is the evaluation index, which technically is known as the risk priority number (PRN). PRN is always established when executing a development process and will have three rating elements, the severity, occurrence and detection. These elements are then rated using a scale of ten and having different guidelines as shown below. No. Aspect 1 Rating value 10 1. Severity Insignificant Catastrophic 2. Occurrence Extremely unlikely Inevitable 3. Detection Absolutely certain to detect No control exists Rating Scale Guideline In research, establishing the accuracy of the RPN outline is important as it defines the accuracy of the FMEA process. Furthermore, the product of the three elements establishes the RPN which is used to predict failure of potential problems with the development process. However, this outlook creates several challenges, for one, if a high number is obtained (the product of severity, occurrence and detection) then a high risk is imminent but of what component? A high RPN number does not indicate the actual risk, it does not highlight the exact aspect in question, either severity, occurrence or detection risk. Integration Framework From the previous section, RPN can be defined as a measurement tool used to assess and evaluate risk in the product development procedures. Generally, its values will range from 1 to 1000, where 1 is the absolute best (zero/minimal failures) and 1000 is the absolute worst scenario [8]. In terms of calculations the following procedure is used: Severity (S) Severity X Occurrence (S X-O) This is known as criticality Severity X Occurrence X Detection (S x O x D) This is the RPN Severity is critical and should always be treated as an independent variable regardless of the outcome. However, as highlighted before there still exists some significant gaps between the design platforms (product development) and the FMEA domains. These gaps as stated in the introductory part can only be met by developing an integrated framework that combines FMEA elements with design procedures. But before we do so lets first highlight the basic elements of product design and development. Basic elements of Product design/development Standardisation of design procedures is still a big problem among researchers and practitioners. In fact, no universal standards exist in design procedures which make it difficult to relate the work done by practitioners with that done by academic researchers [9]. However, regardless of this minor setbacks, the overall design/development process of any product can be classified in have the following format and having three elements: functions, requirements and components. Functions as a concept are derived from the how and what factor in product design. In true sense, its a philosophical term that engineers use to describe the basic purposes or use of a certain product [10]. Therefore, using the how and what distinction, a function is a process used to achieve a certain solution i.e. how. While the what identifies the solution itself. From this distinction, its clear to see that a common solution can be achieved using different functions and vice versa. Requirements, on the other hand, are the needs that gauge the usability of a certain product. Furthermore, these needs are mainly focused on the customers specifications which explain why most needs are associated with the customers. Moreover, it is the customer who pays for the product for his own use. Finally, the components are the subsequent solutions that meet the needs of certain functions [11]. Now, having defined the basic elements of product design, this paper now focuses on organising these factors to fit into the product development procedure. Note, in the past these elements are lately considered or even never considered in the development process. Similar to the RPN elements, these design elements must be itemised to fit the design procedure of a product. Therefore, the letters F, R and C are used to describe the design elements (F-Functions, R- Requirements and C-Components). Basic elements of FMEA procedure Several FMEA standards exist in the market as highlighted in the previous section of this report, however, at its core FMEA utilises some basic elements to characterise its operation procedures. These elements are modes of failure, effects and causes of these failures [12]. When a product fails to meet its original mandate or requirements, the mode(s) of failure are exhibited. Modes of failure are therefore the outcomes that cause a product to fails its originally set mandate. To satisfy the integration framework, the modes of failure must be defined according to the known design procedures, particularly the design elements identified above. This outlook enables a development team to prepare an accurate FMEA document having all the design procedures. On the other hand, cause and effects of failures are the reason behind the failure and the results of these failures respectively. For instance, consider a digital camera that is damaged after it falls on a concrete floor. As a failure m ode, the digital camera cannot execute its objective of taking pictures. The digital camera is damaged after the fall and therefore this is the cause of the failure. Finally, as an effect, the user or owner cannot take pictures. A good FMEA procedure concentrates on the direct outcomes of product failures i.e. the direct effects and causes of the failure. This practice establishes a guideline to resolve the actual problem. Now, applying the FMEA procedure, this report highlights these elements as components of the design/development process. This outlook is achieved by itemization of the said elements, in this case, CA, MF and EF are used to define the causes, failure modes and effects of product development [12]. Integration Procedure Most FMEA procedures will incorporate a method for risk control, this can either be the RPN method or the critical analysis method. As of now, the basic elements of the RPN method has been discussed, however, the discussion failed to highlight the actual design elements considered. To use the RPN method, a development team will analyse the following: 1.The severity of the effects of failure EF is the component considered when dealing with the severity element of the RPN procedure. 2.The occurrence of the cause of failure CA is the actual component where a team rates the likelihood of a certain cause of failure. 3. Finally, the detection component will have the cause of failure as well The development team will rate the possibility of identifying a certain cause of failure before it happens. This method seems too general to guarantee accurate results, for one, the design/development elements are not considered (Requirements, functions and components). Therefore, the entire assessment is based FMEA elements and past experiences. As a result of this assumption, it fails to highlight the product being developed despite the fact that it might be unique to each instance [13]. As a solution, this research/report processes the following integrated procedure as shown in the diagram below: Fig: Proposed Integration Model By integrating the various elements of FMEA and design/development process we are able to develop a holistic risk management procedure. In the model, the circular and oval shapes represent the FMEA elements. These elements are dependent on each other and thus have their corresponding relationship exhibited. However, their outcome is also dependent on the product in question i.e. the product being developed, which is the foundation of the assessment process thus the position and the box outline. Flow control is indicated by the arrows where the one-headed arrow indicates a continuous flow of events (to the next process). However, a double-headed arrow represents double dependency where each variable or element depends on the other. In this case, double headed arrow are shown between the design elements and MF, outlining the dependency between these production elements. Design and Development FMEA Design FMEA is the most common FMEA used in engineering and in product development. As the name suggest its used to analyse design procedures to identify risks and failures. Moreover, it utilises product functions and components as the risk assessment factors. For this method to work, researchers propose early inception so that the procedure can identify failure modes and mitigate them before they escalate to the product itself. However, having identified the benefits of FMEA i.e. risk reduction and improved quality of cost, it's normal for consumers to propose multiple FMEA procedures. However, the process is extensive, tedious and time-consuming which limits most development process to one assessment procedure. Therefore, there are no other risk assessment procedures used to assess the FMEA process, this outlines the importance of accuracy and consistency in the risk management process [14]. An integrated procedure helps to improve the accuracy and consistency of the FMEA procedure. For one, the proposed model can be applied at different stages of product development thus maintaining a high accuracy rate. Moreover, it can be used to counter check the results of the previous FMEA process. Therefore, a product development team can identify the risk assessments elements after obtaining the product requirements. After developing the product specifications, the team can then translate them to the functions and simultaneously transfer the FMEA elements from the requirements. Now, this transition can contain both the product requirements and the assessments made which are validated by the FMEA process conducted at the Function stage. Similarly, the process can be repeated again when executing the component level of product development procedure. In the end, the risk assessment procedure is executed multiple time (minimal 3 times) which can be used to cross check the final resul ts [12]. The FMEA procedure is a continuous process that starts at the customers specification and ends at the delivery of the product. Over this period, the risk assessment procedure must remain consistent especially when rating the risk numbers i.e. RPN which now has a better and accurate result because of the integrated system. Moreover, the important requirements must remain consistent throughout the process to satisfy the customer [15]. In addition to this, the critical elements that hold potential failures must be identified and highlighted throughout the production process. Functions, on the other hand, align with the requirements and are developed while observing the critical failures. Finally, the development procedure must prioritise the components it uses based on the risk analysis [16]. In the end, components with the least risk are selected as they hold the key to the function of the overall product (Sub-functions). As an added bonus, the integration model facilitates documentation of FMEA procedures more so, when you consider the logical flow of events and the overall selection of production elements. These accurate records are then modified to suit other subsequent products produced by an organisation or company [15]. Conclusion FMEA procedures have for many years been used to assess the risk associated with product development. However, different methods are used with varying results which conflict with the work done by researchers and practitioners. In practices, FMEA methods are supposed to help engineers and product developers in designing and eliminating failures in products/services. This research report highlights an integrated model that combines both design and FMEA elements to produce the best assessment results. However, the success of the procedure highlighted in this report depends on the work done by previous researchers and most importantly the documentation done by other development processes. Nevertheless, this outlook will allow product developers to borrow from past experiences and limit the critical factors that lead to product failures. As an objective, the research aimed to develop a holistic FMEA process that could integrate the various component of product development, from the cost of production (economy) to the technical requirements. This objective is easily met by the integrated model suggested in this report. Product development procedures that produce safe products that meet customers requirements are the key to increasing a companys customer base and its overall revenue income. FMEA can help meet this demand by anticipating problems and failures which reduce production cost. This efficient procedure produces efficient results where reliable products and services are delivered to the customers. An integrated FMEA model serves the same purpose while considering each product as a unique event or situation which improves accuracy and maintains consistency. References J. Bongiorno. (2001) Use FMEAs to improve your product development process, PM Network, Risk management, strategy [Online]. Available FTP: https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/fmeas-product-development-process-4962 NPD Solutions. (2017) Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA). [Online]. Available FTP: https://www.npd-solutions.com/fmea.html H. W. Wen. (2013). 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